User:Marypriyanka/curriculum based technology integration

Introduction
Studies of K–12 teachers’ instructional applications of educational technologies to date show many to be pedagogically unsophisticated; they are limited in breadth, variety, and depth, and are not well integrated into curriculum-based teaching and learning (Groff & Mouza, 2008; Levin & Wadmany, 2008; Russell, O’Dwyer, Bebell & Tao, 2007; Zhao, Pugh, Sheldon & Byers, 2002). This article describe a mismatch between educational technology leaders’ visions for technology integration and how most a person is actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially medicine and how they have digital tools. Hence the use of technology information’s and communication as efficiency aids and extension devices. The transformative uses of educational technologies and the more prevalent efficiency and extension applications can be traced to the nature that how technology is use in the class room has been conceptualized and supported.

There are five general approaches that dominate current and past technology integration efforts
Hence these approaches tend to initiate and organize their efforts according to the educational technologies being used, rather than students’ learning needs relative to curriculum-based content standards, even when their titles and descriptions address technology integration directly.
 * Software-focused initiatives.
 * Demonstrations of sample resources, lessons and projects.
 * Technology-based educational reform efforts.
 * Structured/standardized professional development workshops or courses.
 * Technology-focused teacher education courses.

The different types of approaches used in current curriculum based technology integration

 * 1) Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK): This emphasizes the connection among technologies, curriculum, content and specific pedagogical approaches, demonstrating how teachers understands the technology, pedagogy and content. Where they can interact with one another produce effective discipline based teaching with educational technologies.
 * 2) Content Knowledge (CK): How the subject matter is learned or taught is focused here. Knowledge and nature of enquiry differ greatly among the content areas and it is critically important that teachers understands the disciplinary appropriate to subject matter they teach.
 * 3) Pedagogical Knowledge (PK): it is the deep knowledge of the processes and practices of teaching and learning, encompassing educational purposes, goals, values, strategies and more.
 * 4) Technological Knowledge (TK): Keeping up to date with technological developments can easily become overwhelming to time-starved teachers. This also means that any definition of technology knowledge is in danger of becoming outdated by the time this text has been published. There are, however, ways of thinking about and working with technology that can apply to all technological tools, regardless of when they emerged.
 * 5) Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK): it is intersection and interaction of pedagogy and content knowledge. It covers the essential knowledge of teaching and learning content based curricula. As well as assessment and reporting of that learning.
 * 6) Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK): It is an understanding of how teaching and learning is change when particular technology is used. This includes knowing the pedagogical affordances and constrains from the range of technology tools that relate to disciplinary and developmentally appropriate pedagogical designs and strategies.
 * 7) Technological Content Knowledge (TCK): It includes an understanding of the manner in which technology and content influence and constrain one and another. When we think of subject matter that students study in school, we often do not think of curriculum content’s relationships to the digital and non-digital technologies that learners and teachers use.

Developing the interacting components of TPACK
Approaches that teach only skills are insufficient. Learning from technology is different from how we learn instructionally. By teaching technology skills to the teachers helps they to know how to use technology to teach more effectively and also they can teach students to meet particular curriculum content standards while using technologies appropriately (TPACK) in their learning. TPACK is a framework for teacher knowledge, and as such, it may be helpful to those planning professional development for teachers by illuminating what teachers need to know about technology, pedagogy, and content and their interrelationships.

Using learning activity types to develop and apply TPACK
To help teachers to develop and use TPACK in ways that attend to the particular demands of different subject matter domains, we suggest that an important first step is creating awareness of the range of possible learning activity types (Harris & Hofer, 2006; Harris, 2008) within a particular content area, matching them to multiple ways that both digital and non-digital technologies can be used to support each type of learning activity. This approach is based on an empirical assumption that maximally appropriate and effective instruction with technology is best planned considering students’ content-related learning needs and preferences primarily, selecting and applying technologies only in service of that curriculum-based learning.

Conclusion
Because teachers’ TPACK is not limited to a particular approach to teaching, learning, or even technology integration, it is important that TPACK-based professional development for teachers be flexible and inclusive enough to accommodate the full range of teaching philosophies, styles, and approaches. One way to ensure that flexibility is to share the full range of curriculum-based activity types within each discipline area, encouraging teachers to select among them based on perceived appropriateness and advantage with reference to students’ learning needs and preferences, and to engage in this selection/combination process each time they plan a new lesson, project, or unit.

Reference
User:Vincentvikram