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Oxford played a major role during the English Civil Wars, acting as the capital for the Royalist forces under Charles I. The positioning of Charles' court had a powerful impact on the town, creating various social problems and opportunities for the inhabitants.

On 22 January 1644, Charles set up his own Parliament in Oxford, which lasted until 10 March 1645. It was an important instrument in the Royalist war effort, allowing Charles to conscript and raise taxes more effectively.

In 1646, Oxford fell to Parliamentary forces, ending its role in the English Civil Wars.