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Bibliography:

Tipton, Bob L., et al. Texas Amphibians : A Field Guide, University of Texas Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.smccme.edu/lib/smccme-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3443630

Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada, Volumes 1 and 2, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.smccme.edu/lib/smccme-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3318708

babbit, k, 1997. Effects of Cover and Predator Identity on Predation of Hyla squirella Tadpoles. journal(vol 31) 128-130

Lannoo, M. 2017. Hyla Squirella.https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Hyla&

Gervasi, S. S., Stephens, P. R., Hua, J., Searle, C. L., Xie, G. Y., Urbina, J.,. . . Blaustein, A. R. (2017). Linking ecology and epidemiology to understand predictors of multi-host responses to an emerging pathogen, the amphibian chytrid fungus. PLoS One, 12(1) doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.smccme.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0167882

Animal ecology; studies from M.W. mccoy and co-authors have provided new information about animal ecology. (2008, May 26). Energy & Ecology BusinessRetrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.smccme.edu/docview/201575711?accountid=40177

Takahara, T., Kohmatsu, Y., Maruyama, A., & Yamaoka, R. (2008). Benefit of suites of defensive behavior induced by predator chemical cues on anuran tadpoles, hyla japonica. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 63(2), 235-240. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.smccme.edu/10.1007/s00265-008-0654-9

population distrubution in lousiana Boundy, J. (2004). Amphibian and reptile distribution records for louisiana.Herpetological Review, 35(2), 194-196. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.smccme.edu/docview/212038235?accountid=40177

Tipton, Bob L., et al. Texas Amphibians : A Field Guide, University of Texas Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.smccme.edu/lib/smccme-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3443630. page 192

Dorcas, Mike, and Whit Gibbons. Frogs : The Animal Answer Guide, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.smccme.edu/lib/smccme-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4398387. not the best but could cover some generics

Dodd, C. Kenneth. Frogs of the United States and Canada, Volumes 1 and 2, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.smccme.edu/lib/smccme-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3318708. page 288 all the frog in the universeline

need to go through the sources that dodd uses could help alot

babbit, k, 1997. Effects of Cover and Predator Identity on Predation of Hyla squirella Tadpoles. journal(vol 31) 128-130

Habitat structural complexity can strongly affect biotic interactions. Typically the more complex the habitat structurally reduces predator efficiency. predation is significant source of mortality for tadpoles. Many predators are gape limited rapid growth in size important, same time the tadpoles need for food to get big exposes them. So anything that can not get them killed but also allow feeding is important. Because of the complexity of habitats can reduce predation rate but also encourage more foraging. Numerically dominant in ephemeral sites which breed active foragers when in presence of insect predators. Squirrel tree frogs did not decrease activity in the presence of predators 129 rather the cover and complex structural environment reduced the ability for the predator to visualize the prey and stalk it. also rapid drying of the ponds make dying from drought a more significant threat to the frog

Babbitt, Kimberly and Baber, Matthew. 2004. Influence of Habitat Complexity on Predator-Prey Interactions between the Fish (Gambusia holbrooki) and Tadpoles of Hyla squirella and Gastrophryne carolinensis. Volume 1. 173-177

Gambusia introduced to reduce mosquito population in florida predatory fish the squirrel tree frog did no seem to benefit much from higher density of cover though the G carolinensis did

Baber, M.J. and K.J. Babbitt. 2003. The relative impacts of native and introduced predatory fish on a temporary wetland tadpole assemblage. Oecologia 136:289-285.

non native catfish did not seem to prey anymore then the native species of predatory fish did in fact it had significantly less success more likely due to foraging behavior resulting in less prey- predator encounters this is in temporary wetlands. Eastern mosquitofish native still killed more so they think that the non native species did not significantly alter population assemblage.

Gervasi, S. S. et. al. "Linking ecology and epidemiology to understand predictors of..."

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) squirrel tree frog immune to it.

Invastion Frogs are spreading in Florida. Halifax Media Group 2014

Cuban tree frogs compete for habitat with native species and eat native frogs and lizards, Johnson said. Published scientific studies, anecdotal evidence and Johnson's own observations have supported a trend that show as an area's Cuban tree frog population increases, the number of Florida's native squirrel tree frogs dwindles

Knight, C.M., Paris, M.J. and W.H.N. Gutzuke. 2009. Influence of priority effects and pond location on invaded larval amphibian communities. Biol. Invasions 11:1033-1044.

Of particular importance, our study quantifies the

mechanisms   by   which   native   anuran   larvae   are impacted by the presence of the exotic O.

septentri- onalis. Unlike the decline of adult native anurans due largely  to  predation  (Meshaka

2001),  the  decreased survivorship among native larvae is not the result of predation  by  O.

septentrionalis. Instead,  O.  septen- trionalis out-competes native tadpoles then scavenges dead

individuals. Native larvae are also scavenged by conspecifics,   the   added   mortality

experienced   in mixed-species  assemblages  relative  to  native-only ponds is a strong indication

that intense interspecific competition, followed by scavenging, leads to a sharp decline   in

native   species   survivorship. The   pro- nounced  decline  in  survival  observed  among

native tadpoles  supports  the  predictions  of  Smith  (2005), who indicated that the presence of

O. septentrionalis larvae  during  the  entire  larval  period  could  signifi-

cantly impact native survival.

Lannoo, M. 2017. Hyla Squirella.

N. Feeding Behavior. Squirrel treefrogs are aggressive predators that feed on insects and  other invertebrates (Wright, 1932; Garrett and Barker,  1987). Carr (1940a) noted that they are  "Often present in enormous numbers along lake-shores when chironomids  (Diptera) are emerging; they also collect around lamp posts and lighted windows  at  night.  I once saw nine young in a  circle around a pile of newly deposited cow-dung,  awaiting and devouring the  midges attracted thereto." Duellman and Schwartz  (1958) examined the stomachs of 20 individuals and found that 9  were empty, 2 contained  only plant debris, and 4 contained beetles  (Coleoptera); other stomachs contained  crustacean (crayfish?) remains, a spider  (Arachnida), a cricket (Orthoptera), and an ant  (Hymenoptera). Brugger (1984) found that two groups of arthropods (Arachnida,  Isoptera) and three orders of insects (Coleoptera,  Orthoptera, Hymenoptera) dominated the  diet of frogs from northern Florida. Goin and Goin (1957) noted that differences in  habitats selected by adults and juveniles may result in dietary differences.

O. Predators. Duellman and Schwartz (1958) observed ribbon snakes (Thamnophis sauritus) feeding on squirrel  treefrogs. Other predators undoubtedly  include small mammals, birds, other frogs, other snakes, and aquatic  invertebrates. Dragonfly naiads and water bugs (Lethocerus) eat tadpoles  (Babbitt and Tanner,  1997).

P. Anti-Predator Mechanisms. Their small size, propensity for seeking small hiding places, and  ability to change colors to match their background  probably aid in avoiding visual  predators.

A

Shulse, Christopher D., and Raymond D. Semlitsch. "Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia Affinis) Bolster the Prevalence and Severity of Tadpole Tail Injuries in Experimental Wetlands." Hydrobiologia 723.1 (2014): 131-44.

Species  introduced  outside  their  native

range  to  serve  anthropogenic  purposes  may  have unintended consequences on native organisms.

Mos- quitofish (Gambusia affinis and Gambusia holbrooki) have been introduced throughout the world

to control larval mosquito populations in aquatic environments, but they have also been implicated

in the decline of native fish, amphibian, and aquatic invertebrate pop- ulations. We  investigated

the  roles  of  introduced western  mosquitofish  (G.  affinis),  and  two  naturally colonizing

predators (crayfish and dragonfly naiads) in inflicting tail injuries observed on ranid frog

tadpoles in experimental constructed wetlands. We also exam- ined the influence of vegetation in

reducing tail injury severity. We  found  that  mosquitofish  significantly increased the

prevalence and severity of tail injuries, but  crayfish  and  dragonfly  naiads  contributed  much

less to increased injury levels. Furthermore, increased

vegetation  cover  did  not  significantly  attenuate  tail

injuries. However, after chemical removal of Gambu- sia,  injury  prevalence  and  severity  was

significantly reduced. Although previous investigations have con- cluded that mosquitofish prey

upon the eggs and larvae of  some  amphibians,  our  results  illustrate  that  these fish  can

cause  substantial  but  apparently  sub-lethal injuries  to  large  numbers  of  larval

amphibians  in  a wetland. Further  investigations  are  needed  to  deter- mine if these injuries

impede the fitness of victims and

lead to population reduction

Outline:

Predator prey relations:

Life cycle:What eats them as an egg. As a tadpole what they do and what tries to eat them example dragonflies etc. What eats them and what they eat as an adult.

Survival behaviors and adaptations in each life stage. Non mating behaviors with other frogs of the same type. Territorial behaviors between frogs. Warning signs and other adaptations for the group against predators. Predatory behaviors of the frog. Most of this is from frogs of the united states

draft:

Predators of larvae:  dragonfly nymphs anax pachy diplay tramea, newts, or predatory fish, dodd. predator of adults texas snakes, birds, fish larger frogs turtles small mammals or aquatic invertebrates. 194 texas tadpole preyed on by dragonfly larvae giant water bugs and predatory fish.

texas 194 Adults prey on arthropods, small flies, beetles, pill bugs, spiders. 293 dodd Consume arboreal insects, beetles, small crayfish, spiders, crickets.

Adaptations Color changing 293 dodd and hides in retreat during downtime along with repressed activity.

tadpole adaptations to specific predators seeks vegetation to hide in,  activity decreases in the presence of dragonfly nymphs and increases in the presence of newts and predatory fish. dodd 292  After metamorphasis the frogs dispurse from each other out of the breeding pool 292.

Hunts within a 28 meter of retreat site. dodd 292. 290 can be seen feeding on insects at lightsources.

rewrite draft:

Adaptive strategies to predation:

As tadpoles:  They use dense vegetation as cover babbit, k, 1997. Effects of Cover and Predator Identity on Predation of Hyla squirella Tadpoles. journal(vol 31) 128-130

But do not seem to reduce activity within this cover. Babbit seems to think that drying of the ponds is a more significant threat to the frogs.

As adults:  Small size, color changing ability, (Lannoo, M. 2017. Hyla Squirella.)  dodd 292 and hides in retreat during downtime along with repressed activity. Feeds within 28 meters of retreat site dodd 292.

Large threat to survival is O. septentrionalis an invasive species to North America. The Cuban Tree frog seems to be out competing and eating the dead Squirrel Tree frogs in the larval stage. (Knight, C.M., Paris, M.J. and W.H.N. Gutzuke. 2009. Influence of priority effects and pond location on invaded larval amphibian communities. Biol. Invasions 11:1033-1044. )

Predators:  Snakes, small mammals, frogs, birds, predatory fish and Dragonfly naiads on tadpoles. (Lannoo, M. 2017. Hyla Squirella.)   Other predators of tadpoles newts, Giant water bugs(194 texas)

Prey:  texas 194 Adults prey on arthropods, small flies, beetles, pill bugs, spiders. 293 dodd Consume arboreal insects, beetles, small crayfish, spiders, crickets. A  Lannoo, M. 2017. Hyla Squirella. Beetles, spiders, crickets, ants.

tadpole eat a. Food. Tadpoles are suspension feeders that eat organic and inorganic food  particles they scrape from rock, plant, and  log substrates. lannoo

Rough Draft:

Predation:
As tadpoles the Squirrel Tree Frog is preyed upon by dragonfly nymphs, anax pachy, diplay tramea, giant water bugs, predatory fish and newts. Once the frogs become juveniles and then eventually adults the predators of the frogs change to small mammals, other frogs, snakes, birds.

Once the Tree frog reaches its juvenile stage it starts to feed on arthropods, flies, beetles, pill bugs and spiders. Additionally according to Dodd they can consume arboreal insects and small crayfish.

In order to reduce the danger of being eaten as tadpoles they use dense vegetation as cover. However they do not seem to reduce activity within this cover. Babbit seems to think that drying of the ponds is a more significant threat to the frogs. As adults they use their diminutive size and color changing ability. The frog also tends to hide in a retreat during downtime along with repressed activity. Feeds within 28 meters of this retreat site.