User:MatthewJenkins02/sandbox/1976 Olympics African boycott

Purpose: For compiling info on the exact number of nations that boycotted the 1976 Olympics due to the African boycott, NOT for other reasons, such as the China boycott stuff (ROC (Taiwan) vs. PROC (China)) or other reasons like economic.

FACTS

 * Olympic Games opened July 17, 1976. Closed August 1, 1976.
 * Soweto uprising occurred June 16-18, 1976.

Maybe facts

 * source.
 * France supplied nuclear material to South Africa in July 1976?
 * Vorster visits Israel in July 1976?
 * "ECONOMIC TIES AND SPORTS LINKS WITH SOUTH AFRICA WERE CRITICIZED, AND NEW ZEALAND WAS SINGLED OUT BECAUSE OF THE TOUR OF ITS ALL BLACKS RUGBY TEAM TO SOUTH AFRICA. A BOYCOTT OF THE OLYMPICS WAS RECOMMENDED IF NEW ZEALAND IS ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE"
 * Kissinger met with Vorster, but everyone expected it lmao and were more concerned with what went down in those talks.
 * source.
 * "THE SECOND CIRCUMSTANCE IS THAT FFILBERT BAYI OF TANZANIA AND JOHN WALKER OF NEW ZEALAND ARE THE BEST MIDDLE DISTANCE RUNNERS IN THE WORLD, WITH THEIR IMPENDING CLASH IN THE GLAMOUR MILE RACE AT THE MONTREAL OLYMPICS THE MOST KEENLY ANTICIPATED EVENT IN NEW ZEALAND. THUS, THE WITHDRAWAL OF TANZANIA AND CANCELLATION OF THE BAYI-WALKER RACE AT MONTREAL HAS HAD MAXIMUM IMPACT IN NEW ZEALAND. THE FEAR THAT NEW ZEALAND ITSELF MIGHT BE BARRED FROM THE GAMES HAS NOW BEEN OVERCOME, BUT THE CONTINUED WITHDRAWAL OF SEVERAL OTHER AFRICAN AND ARAB COUNTRIES HAS HAD A SOBERING INFLUENCE ON NEW ZEALAND OPINION."
 * Ordia was invited to NZ by HART, basically to show that the NZ government doesn't care about Apartheid.
 * OAU Summit meeting:
 * "SOWETO MASSACRE: INTER ALIA CONDEMNS "CERTAIN WESTERN COUNTIRES AND ISRAEL" FOR SELLING ARMAMENTS TO THE RACIST REGIME OF SOUTH AFRICA WHICH ARE USED TO MASSACRE THE BLACK MAJORITY AND DECIDES TO PROVIDE THE MAXIMUM POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO THE MOVEMENTS OF SOUTH AFRICA IN ORDER TO PERMIT THEM FINALLY TO CARRY OUT THE ARMED STRUGGLE."
 * "SPORTS LINKS WITH SOUTH AFRICA: VIGOROUSLY CON- DEMNS NEW ZEALAND AS WELL AS ALL COUNTRIES AND INTER- NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS WHICH COOPERATE AND PARTICIPATE IN ANY TYPE OF SPORTS ACTIVITY WITH THE RECIST SOUTH AFRICAN REGIME; APPEALS TO THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE TO BAR NEW ZEALAND FROM ALL APRTICIPATION IN OTHE OLYMPIC GAMES THIS YEAR IF NEW ZEALAND PARTICIPATES; ASKS THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO DEMONSTRATE SOLIDARITY ONCE AGAIN WITH AFRICA IN THIS STRUGGLE AGAINST APARTHEID"
 * USA among other countries asked to "RENCOUNCE IMMEDIATELY THEIR POLICY OF NUCLEAR COOPERATION WITH THE FASCISTS SOUTH AFRICAN REGIME", and for the French to stop building a nuclear reactor there.
 * Kissinger pulls strings, then puppet says it in UN.
 * NZ citizens are against SA sports in November.

WIKI PAGES IN QUESTION
{1} New Zealand national rugby union team:


 * Māori Honorary White status: "For the 1960 All Blacks tour of South Africa, the South African authorities insisted that Maori players be excluded from the team. The subsequent controversy led to the New Zealand Rugby Union refusing any other tour of the country for the following 10 years until the 1970 tour, when Maori players were accepted as "honorary whites"."


 * Boycott: “The 1976 All Blacks tour of apartheid South Africa generated much controversy and led to the boycott of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal by 33 African nations after the IOC refused to ban the team. New Zealand again failed to win the test series in South Africa, and did not secure another series victory until 1996, after the fall of apartheid and the introduction of neutral referees. The 1976 tour contributed to the Gleneagles Agreement being adopted by the Commonwealth Heads of State in 1977.”

{2} 1976 Summer Olympics:


 * "Twenty-nine countries boycotted the Games due to the refusal of the IOC to ban New Zealand, after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976. The boycott was led by Congolese official Jean-Claude Ganga. Some of the boycotting nations (including Morocco, Cameroon and Egypt) had already participated, however, and withdrew after the first few days. Senegal and Ivory Coast were the only African countries that competed throughout the duration of the Games. Elsewhere, Afghanistan, Albania, Burma, Iraq, Guyana, Sri Lanka and Syria also opted to join the Congolese-led boycott. South Africa had been banned from the Olympics since 1964 due to its apartheid policies. Other countries, such as El Salvador and Zaire, did not participate in Montreal for purely economic reasons."

{3} Honorary whites:


 * "Players of Polynesian (a sub group of Austronesian) Maori or Samoan backgrounds in the 1970 touring All Blacks rugby team"

{4} 1976 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa:


 * "In 1976 the All Blacks toured South Africa, with the blessing of the then-newly elected New Zealand Prime Minister, Rob Muldoon. Twenty-five African nations, Afghanistan, Albania, Burma, Guyana, Iraq and Sri Lanka protested against this by boycotting the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. In their view the All Black tour gave tacit support to the apartheid regime in South Africa. The five Maori players on the tour, Bill Bush, Sid Going, Kent Lambert, Bill Osborne and Tane Norton, as well as ethnic-Samoan Bryan Williams, were offered honorary white status in South Africa. Bush asserts that he was deliberately provocative toward the apartheid regime while he was there."

Countries boycotting:

 * From {1}:
 * [71]: "On This Day 17 July 1976"
 * [72]: Harding (2000), p. 111. - Idk what the hell this source is.


 * From {2}:
 * [28]: "Africa and the XXIst Olympiad". Archive here.
 * [29]: "BBC ON THIS DAY | 17 | 1976: African countries boycott Olympics"
 * [30]: "The Montreal Olympics boycott". Archive here.
 * From {4}:
 * [1]: "It's time to close the final chapter"
 * [2]: "On This Day 17 July 1976". bbc.co.uk. 17 July 1976. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
 * [3]: Rugby: Once was hatred, The New Zealand Herald, 18 April 2010

Māori accepted as "honorary whites":

 * From {1}: "For the 1960 All Blacks tour of South Africa, the South African authorities insisted that Maori players be excluded from the team. The subsequent controversy led to the New Zealand Rugby Union refusing any other tour of the country for the following 10 years until the 1970 tour, when Maori players were accepted as "honorary whites"."
 * [69]: "Bee Gee: I never felt I was an honorary white". Archive here.
 * [70]: "Rugby: Once was hatred". Archive here.


 * From {3}: "Players of Polynesian (a sub group of Austronesian) Maori or Samoan backgrounds in the 1970 touring All Blacks rugby team"
 * Its sources are the same as the above bullet, 'From {1} ... [69] & [70]'. In this article, [17] & [18].

SOURCES ON NEW INFO

 * Paris olympics, review of boycotts:
 * 29 African countries and 5 other nations: Burma, Sri Lanka, Iraq, Taiwan, Guyana.
 * NZ Political cartoon:
 * 28 nations boycott


 * BBC archive Jul/17/1976:
 * 25 African initially, 33 withdraw total.


 * https://www.rfi.fr/en/sports/20231121-montreal-olympic-1976-the-year-of-the-african-boycott
 * https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2021/07/16/19_July_1976.jpg
 * https://olympics.com/ioc/news/diplomatic-controversies
 * https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/3511/1976-montreal
 * https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/montreal-1976
 * The Guardian archive Jul/19/1976:
 * https://theconversation.com/olympics-and-politics-how-a-massacre-in-south-africa-led-to-africas-boycott-of-the-1976-games-231623
 * https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/Chapter_26.pdf - SA race relations '73, something about SA Games.
 * Survey of Race Relations 1976:
 * Wikileaks about SA, 2013:
 * Newspaper on SA Games:
 * Goodbye to glory : the 1976 All Black tour of South Africa:


 * 2775 D (XXVI) "Apartheid in sports".
 * UN Resolution 3411 E (XXX) "Apartheid in sports".


 * Big source on SA in 70's. Kinda racist language, but good intentions: https://search.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1977CAPET00495_c.html

Important People

 * Abraham Ordia - "(1918–1995) Nigerian sports administrator. Was involved with organizing sporting boycott of South Africa in the 1970s. President of the Supreme Council on Sport in Africa, in June 1976." - source.
 * Piet Koornhof - SA minister of Sport. Called for opening of sports competition to all races in 1976.
 * Frank Corner - NZ Diplomat to US

Players to remember

 * All Blacks - NZ national rugby team
 * Springboks - South Africa national rugby team
 * Labour Party - NZ Political party, lost control before/around '76.
 * Norman Kirk - Labour Party leader before '76.
 * National Party - NZ Political party, gained control from Labour Party around '76.
 * Robert Muldoon - National Party leader

Other Wiki pages

 * South African Games
 * 1974 British Commonwealth Games - held in NZ
 * 1976 Men's Softball World Championship - held in NZ