User:Matthew Ferguson 57/sandbox


 * http://tools.wmflabs.org/citation-template-filling/cgi-bin/index.cgi
 * http://reftag.appspot.com/

https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/java/nameSearch

https://calscape.org/Ribes-divaricatum-(Spreading-Gooseberry)?srchcr=sc59bb01cc47783

Photosynthesis
While photosynthesis occurs, carbon dioxide is being consumed in the leaf constantly. This creates a concentration gradient with low conentration of carbon dioxide inside the leaf relative to the air outside the leaf. Carbon dioxide then enters the leaf stomata by diffusion. In still air conditions, carbon dioxide is used up progressively further from the leaf surface, creating a shallow concentration gradient and a reduced rate of diffusion. In moving air conditions (e.g. ventillation) there is replenishment of carbon dioxide supplies for photosynthesis in the air around the leaf so the concentration gradient is steep, the rate of diffusion is greater. Therefore, the rate of photosynthesis is lowered in still air compared to when air is moving. At higher windspeeds, stomata close to prevent transpiration (see below), and therefore the rate of photosynthesis would then be reduced.

Respiration
Respiration increases as wind increases, and this may be related to the mechanical stimulation of the plant.

Transpiration
A boundary layer of still air surrounds each leaf. The lower the windspeed, the wider this layer will be. Water vapour diffuses from the high concentration inside the leaf to the lower concentration in the air moving beyond the boundary layer. The wider the boundary layer, the greater the distance the water vapor must move. Therefore transpiration increases as windspeed increases, until a thershold of high windspeed at which point the stomata close and transpiration stops.

Pollination & Seed dispersal
Some plants are wind pollinated, and some plants require wind to disperse their seeds. The activity of insect pollinators is hampered by high winds.(citation needed) WIthout successful pollination, some plants will not fruit or produce a poor yield (e.g. fruit trees).

Growth
Stagnant air is detrminental to plant growth. Wind sway has been shown to result in thicker stems and trunks. Plants also tend to be slightly shorter under the influence of wind. Chronic exposure to strong winds causes unbalanced growth (see Krumholz)

Pests
Completely stagnant air is known to promote many plant diseases. In stagnant air conditions, moisture can persist on leaf surfaces. This acts as a vector for fungal and bacterial diseases, as spores can stick more readily and linger long enough to infect the surface.

Beneficial insect speciesthat predate plant pests may also be hampered by strong winds.(citation needed)

Damage
If wind speed is too high, shoots and stems may be broken (e.g. see lodging (agriculture)), and extreme wind speeds uproot trees or seriously damage their root systems (see windthrow).

Woody plants exposed to too much wind can get wind scorched, which is dessication of leaves and shoots caused by water loss under strong wind and high temperature conditions. In colder areas, if the water in the soil is frozen the plant cannot replace water losses in high wind conditions, and similar damage may occurs.