User:Mattopaedia/koilo



A Koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus. Collectively, these types of changes are called a cytopathic effect, and various different types of cytopathic effect can be seen in many different cell types infected by many different types of virus.

Koilocytosis or koilocytic atypia are terms used in histology and cytology to describe the presence of koilocytes in a specimen.

Koilocytes may have the following cellular changes:
 * Nuclear enlargement (two to three times normal size)
 * Irregularity of the nuclear membrane contour
 * A darker than normal staining pattern in the nucleus, known as Hyperchromasia
 * A clear area around the nucleus, known as a perinuclear halo.

Microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen usually reveals an abnormal lesion composed of intermediate and superficial squamous cells of the outer cervical epithelium. Mild koilocytosis is characteristic of ASC-US (atypical squamous cells - undetermined significance). A more undifferentiated koilocyte, possessing a more hyperchromatic and enlarged nucleus, and a higher degree of cytoplasmic clearing with a discernible peripheral rim favor an interpretation of LSIL (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion).

Koilocytes may be found in potentially precancerous cervical, oral and anal lesions.

Interpretation
These changes occur in the presence of human papillomavirus and occasionally can lead to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and eventually malignant cancer.