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Potential articles:

Those could included anything connecting epidemiology to economics, finance? Pretty much the same thing.

Economic epidemiology

MLA Formatting for Citation


 * Perrings, Charles et al. “Merging economics and epidemiology to improve the prediction and management of infectious disease.” EcoHealth vol. 11,4 (2014): 464-75. doi:10.1007/s10393-014-0963-6

it is possible to analyze the spread of disease as a function of the costs and benefits of disease risk management.

More recently, it has focused on the economic causes and epidemiological consequences of the number and type of contacts people make (Gersovitz and Hammer 2003, 2004; Barrett and Hoel 2007; Funk et al. 2009; Funk et al. 2010; Springborn et al. 2010). That is, the economic factors behind contact and mixing decisions are treated as part of the disease transmission mechanism


 * https://www.nber.org/papers/w26882

Model on the equilibrium of economic decisions and epidemiological outcomes.

SECTION TO EDIT - Add onto (Covid-19).

Vaccination[edit]
Immunization represents a classic case of a social dilemma: a conflict of interest between the private gains of individuals and the collective gains of a society, and prevalence-dependent behavior may have significant effects on vaccine policy formation. For instance, it was found in an analysis of the hypothetical introduction of a vaccine that would reduce (though not eliminate) the risk of contracting HIV, that individual levels of risk behavior were a significant barrier to eliminating HIV, as small changes in behavior could actually increase the incidence/prevalence of HIV, even if the vaccine were highly efficacious. These results, as well as others, may have contributed to a decision not to release existing semi-efficacious vaccines.

An individual's self-interest and choice often leads to a vaccination uptake rate less than the social optimum as individuals do not take into account the benefit to others. In addition, prevalence dependent behavior suggests how the introduction of a vaccine may affect the spread of a disease. As the prevalence of a disease increases, people will demand to be vaccinated. As prevalence decreases, however, the incentive, and thus demand, will slacken and allow the susceptible population to increase until the disease can reinvade. As long as a vaccine is not free, either monetarily or through true or even perceived side effects, demand will be insufficient to pay for the vaccine at some point, leaving some people unvaccinated. If the disease is contagious, it could then begin spreading again among non-vaccinated individuals. Thus, it is impossible to eradicate a vaccine-preventable disease through voluntary vaccination if people act in their own self-interest.

Vaccination costs for Covid.

Pandemics

Covid-19 presents a recent, measurable event where we can calculate outcomes from lockdowns/job losses/morbidity/mortality from the pandemic. Overarching lockdowns effective regardless of the incidence rate is costly by itself (healthy people not being able to work/consume).

October 2020

Positive Analysis to use economics into epidemiological problems for epidemic policy - what will happen if we do x
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9124042/

Normative Analysis to evaluate preferred strategies for epidemics -- is x the best choice of policy decisions?

Indirect effects such as schools closing and a parent having to forego work or reduce hours to take care of children.

Covid 19 governments put focus on not overwhelming health system over societal and economic consequences.

UK government said that between mitigation and suppression, mitigation would not work because health systems would become overwhelmed.

The United States has had 1,090,000 people die from Covid. With US GDP per capita being $69,287.54, this equates to $75,523,418,600 in lost GDP. Abouts and if buts and maybes.

Used Observed deaths and Upper Bound Threshold deaths in across all United States from 2020 through the end of October 2022 and have shown there are around 770,000 excess deaths across the country in that time period. There were less deaths from car accidents, flu, and other transmissible diseases and instead Covid-19 was the majority player in deaths of 0.33% of the country. Challenges to an economic and epidemiologic approach.

Policy????

"Doing the most good for the most amount of people" Economics and epidemiology have this in common.

Epidemiologists are more narrowly focused, minimizing adverse health outcomes.

Want net positive benefits

"Kaldor-Hicks Compensation Test" - do the winners win more than the losers lose

Lockdowns was more advantageous for old people and hurt young working aged people more

Cost benefit analysis (CBA)

"Elimination is not economic optimal"

Discounted as a strategy at the beginning of covid.

Economics, Epidemiology, and Pandemics: - DRAFT

https://sites.duke.edu/mcadams/files/2020/08/McAdams-Economic-Epidemiology.pdf

The idea of intertwining epidemiology and economics is relatively new field with it first appearing in the early 1990s amidst the HIV/AIDS epidemic, as the transmission was based around how people were having sex which is considered an economic condition (Duke.edu).