User:Mayu Yamada/sandbox

(new version)

I would like to focus on “Japanese Sign Language” (English version). Two reasons made me enthuse to focus on it. First, I found some inappropriate sentences that is easy to mislead about JSL on wiki page-JSL (Japanese language version). (FLY I like “Japanese Sign Language” on wiki (Japanese Language version) because it seems many people edited it, and they paid great respect to JSL.) I would like to change those sentences to the sentences that is based on my addition on “Japanese Sign Language” (English version) after getting last feedback on this wiki project. The second reason is that I would like to share the situation how JSL is/ was treated in Japan with the people all over the world to contribute to making the bridge between many countries. (I plan to add "sentences" on wiki page. I will go to English tutoring before adding those sentences.)

1)Add

(Definition of JSL)

“JSL is a natural language, like Japanese Language that is used in Japan, and is one of the creole languages that is structured by a visual modality.” -because the top sentence about JSL definition on wiki page-JSL (Japanese language version) was written as “JSL is one of the signs”. It is easy to mislead to that JSL is just sign. However, wiki page-Sign (Japanese language version) mentioned that JSL is Language. I would like to change to more direct expression.

Takei, W. (n.d.). 手話研究の現状と展望 -手話研究が言語獲得研究に貢献できること-. Cognitive Studies, 15(2), 289-301. Retrieved June, 2008.

2)Add

(Population)

"There are 304,000 Deaf and Hard of Hearing people who are above age 18 in Japan (2008). However, there is no specific source about the number of JSL users because of the difficulty in distinguishing who are JSL users and who use other kind of sign, like Taiou Shuwa and Chuukan Shuwa. According to the Japanese Association for Sign Language Studies, the estimate number of JSL users is around 60,000 in Japan."

Itida, Y. Japanese Association for Sign Language Studies. The Estimated Population of Japanese Sign Language Users. Retrieved June, 2001. change the native speaker number

3)Add

(Deaf Education)

"In Japan, there are three kinds of sign terms. One is “Nihon Shuwa (JSL: Japanese Sign Language)”, another is “Taiou Shuwa (Manually coded Japanese or simultaneous communication)”, and the other is “Chuukan Shuwa (Contact Signing)”. Nihon Shuwa (JSL) is a natural language that is constructed by unique phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, like all languages. Taiou Shuwa uses the Japanese Language word order (grammar) and supplements sign words with the Japanese Language. In other words, Taiou Shuwa is not a sign language, but a Japanese Language. Chuukan Shuwa combines JSL with Japanese Language grammar. It is called contact signing in the United States. A sign language among the sign terms is only JSL. However, those three kinds of sign terms are called “Shuwa (sign)” widely in Japan. People call this “sign” in Deaf education, too. The confliction about the definition of JSL and Taiou Shuwa continues, and it affects Deaf education. In the 1990s, the long term of oral education was converted to the total communication method. Previously, Deaf children were forced to speak and banned from using sign language in all schools for the Deaf. With the total communication method, teachers use every communication tools, like spoken language, written language, and simultaneous communication, to match each Deaf children. Also, sign spread in Japan at that time, but the sign was used along with speaking, called Taiou Shuwa. In 2003, the Japan Deaf Children and Parents Association did a civic rights remedy statement called “Deaf children were infringed their rights of taking an education equality”. They requested the teachers who can teach JSL in all schools, and also they demanded the JSL cambism class for the all universities give a license for teachers of the Deaf. However, Japanese Federation of the Deaf said “there is a possibility to infringe the human right due to distinguishing two communication methods with the users of JSL and Taiou Shuwa.” with some agreements with the opinion of Japan Deaf Children and Parents Association. The Japan Federation of bar associations prepared “Opinion to require the enrich sign education”, and “sign” was written on the paper instead of JSL. The statement would not have the power of adding the mention that teachers can teach in JSL in all schools for the Deaf. Currently, JSL is used in only one private school in Tokyo, Meisei Gakuen, and the other schools for the Deaf use other communication methods."

Kimura, H. (2011). 日本手話と日本語対応手話(手指日本語)―間にある「深い谷」. Kwak, J. (2017). 日本手話とろう教育. Seikatsushoin.

4)Add

(Law)

"In 2011, the first sign law was established on “language” as an act for persons with disabilities on July 29th, and it was announced on Aug 5th. After this, JSL was enacted and acknowledged as the possibility of language by law in Japan. In 2013, the first sign language law was established in Tottori-Ken. “Sign is language”, the law was written. From then on, sign law was spread all over Japan in the scale of prefecture. Currently, there are aims to establish sign language law at the national level. However, there are two conflictive positions about the sign law. Those sign laws were not written as JSL. One position claimed that it is dangerous to mislead that sign language includes not only JSL, but also Taiou Shuwa (Mannually coded Japanese or simultaneous communication), Chuukan Shuwa (Contact Signing). The other claimed that by establishing JSL language law makes it easy to discriminate many various sign users."

Mori, S., & Sasaki, N. (2016). 手話を言語と言うのなら. Hitsuji-syobou.

5) delate or edit

(bilingual and sign educatin)

I would like to delete this sentence from wiki (Japanese language version) or edit.

(delate)手話法は口話の力を重視せず、書記言語力を重視する方法であるが、現在のところ、日本で口話法（特に人工内耳など最新の補聴技術を活用した場合）に比べて手話法の方が書記言語力が伸びているという証拠は得られていない.

(Translate) Sign Education (both simultaneous and bilingual) doesn’t focus on oral, and it aims to acquire written language through sign. However, there are still no evidences in Japan that Deaf children can acquire written language rather than oral education (particularly, the children who are put CI on their heads). Insert non-formatted text here

In my opinion, the sentence has bias because of two reasons. ・in Japan, difficult to study whether bilingual education can lead to skilled written language because we are still studying how to teach by bilingual method. ・it is ambiguous that which reference did the editor use. Many Deaf children have failed to acquire written language even though they are grown by spoken language.

"(Bilingual education for Deaf) Bilingual education for Deaf aims to acquire written language through sign language. Some parents select other modality of language as well with sign language, like spoken language, to communicate with their children. Some parents also select to use other tools, cochlear implants and hearing aids, for their Deaf children with sign language. In regards to the Deaf education, using sign was cited in studies as it prevents from acquiring written language for a long time. However, recent articles reported that the children who have fluent first language have the ability to acquire second language, like other foreign language learners, even though the modalities are different. Therefore, the most important thing is to acquire fluency in the first language and it helps Deaf children acquire written language. The future task is to think about how to make the bridge between sign language and written language in bilingual education. In Japan, the bilingual education has been in free school since 1999 and school since 2009. "

Mayberry, I. R. (n.d.). First-language acqui- sition after childhood differs from second- language acquisition. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 1258-1270. Retrieved December, 1993.

(old version) I would like to focus on “Japanese Sign Language” (English version). Two reasons made me enthuse to focus on it. First, I found some inappropriate sentences that is easy to mislead about JSL on wiki page-JSL (Japanese language version). (FLY I like “Japanese Sign Language” on wiki (Japanese Language version) because it seems many people edited it, and they paid great respect to JSL.) I would like to change those sentences to the sentences that is based on my addition on “Japanese Sign Language” (English version) after getting last feedback on this wiki project. The second reason is that I would like to share the situation how JSL is/ was treated in Japan with the people all over the world to contribute to making the bridge between many countries.

(plan to add " " sentences on wiki. I will go to English tutoring before adding those sentences.)

1)Add

(Definition of JSL)

“JSL is a natural language, like Japanese Language that is used in Japan, and JSL is one of the creole languages that is structured visual modality.“

-because the top sentence about JSL definition on wiki page-JSL (Japanese language version) was written as “JSL is one of the signs”. It is easy to mislead to that JSL is just sign. However, wiki page-Sign (Japanese language version) mentioned that JSL is Language. I would like to change to more direct expression.

'''Takei, W. (n.d.). 手話研究の現状と展望-手話研究が言語獲得研究に貢献できること-. Cognitive Studies, 15(2), 289-301. Retrieved June, 2008.'''

2)Add

(Population)

"There are 304,000 Deaf and Hard of Hearing people who are above age 18 in Japan (2008). However, there is no a specific source about the number of JSL users because of the difference of distinguishing who is JSL users and not. Recent estimated that the number of JSL users is around 60,000 in Japan."

'''Itida, Y. Japanese association for sign language studies. The Estimated Population of Japanese Sign Language Users. Retrieved June, 2001.'''

And change the native speaker number

3)Add

(Deaf Education)

"JSL was considered as gesture and was not regarded as language until the end of nineties. Also, it was banned from using in school for the Deaf for a long years."

(I will add more later.)

4)Add

(Law)

"In 2011, the first sign was established on “language” at act of persons with disabilities on July 29th, and it was announced on Aug 5th. From the time, JSL was enacted and acknowledged as the possibility of language by law in Japan. In 2013, the first sign language law was established in Tottori-Ken. “Sign is language”, the law was written. From the time, sign law was spread all over Japan in the scale of prefecture. Currently, aims to establish sign language law at the national law. However, there are two conflictive position about the sign law. Those sign was not written as JSL. One position claimed that there is a dangerous to mislead that sign includes not only JSL, but also Taiou Shuwa (Mannually coded Japanese or simultaneous communication), Chuukan Shuwa (Contact Signing). The other claimed that the establishing JSL language law is easy to discriminate many various sign users."

'''Mori, S., & Sasaki, N. (1026). If you say sign as language. Hitsuji-syobou.'''

5)Add

(Problem)

"In Japan, there are three kinds of sign term. One is “Nihon Shuwa (JSL: Japanese Sign Language)”, another is “Taiou Shuwa (Mannually coded Japanese or simultaneous communication)”, and the other is “Chuukan Shuwa (Contact Signing)”. Nihon Shuwa (JSL) is a natural language that is constructed by unique phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, like all languages. Taiou Shuwa uses Japanese Language word order (grammar) and supplements sign words with the Japanese Language. In other words, Taiou Shuwa is not a sign language, but Japanese Language. Chuukan Shuwa combinates of JSL and Japanese Language grammar. It is called contact signing in U.S.A.A sign language among the sign terms is only JSL. However, many people are still confused to distinguish those terms when they use, and it prevent teachers of Deaf from using JSL in most schools for the Deaf."

'''Kimura, H. (2011). 日本手話と日本語対応手話(手指日本語)―間にある「深い谷」.'''

In my opinion, there are three reasons. (I haven’t found out any articles yet.)

・still no original evidence that JSL is language because the study about JSL was started recently.

・word problem…  JSL and simultaneous communication is called “Sign” widely In Japan. The people who know the difference between JSL and simultaneous communication distinguish two different words by using “Japanese SIgn” and “signed Japanese (=simultaneous communication)”. However, most people call them “sign”. It includes both JSL and simultaneous communication. The reason is because JSL is named Japanese Sign. There is no “Language” even though other countries call JSL (Japanese Sign “Language”).

・Currently, many people who don’t study about Deaf Education become teachers in schools for the Deaf. They don’t know Deaf. Also, the first day they use JSL is a first school day. That’s because board of education don’t regard License for teacher of Deaf as an important element when they hire new teachers. Teachers of Deaf try leaning sign. However, one more problem is that teachers translate to another school per three to five years. Therefore, teachers of Deaf tend to move out before they understand everything. That is why the situation that teachers and students use simultaneous communication is common in most schools for the Deaf. It also occurs the confusing about the definition of sign.

6) delate or edit

(bilingual and sign educatin)

I would like to delete this sentence from wiki (Japanese language version) or edit.

手話法は口話の力を重視せず、書記言語力を重視する方法であるが、現在のところ、日本で口話法（特に人工内耳など最新の補聴技術を活用した場合）に比べて手話法の方が書記言語力が伸びているという証拠は得られていない.

(Translate)

Sign Education (both simultaneous and bilingual) doesn’t focus on oral, and it aims to acquire written language through sign. However, there are still no evidences in Japanthat Deaf children can acquire written language rather than oral education (particularly, the children who are put CI on their heads).

In my opinion, the sentence has bias because of two reasons.

・in Japan, difficult to study whether bilingual education can lead to skilled written language because we are still studying how to teach by bilingual method.

・it is ambiguous that which reference did the editor use. Many Deaf children have failed to acquire written language even though they are grown by spoken language.

If I edit the sentence, I will change to above sentence. (and add to JSL wiki- English version)

"Bilingual education aims to acquire written language through sign language. It doesn’t focus on spoken language. About the education that use simultaneous communication or sign language, there is a myth that sign prevents Deaf children from acquiring written language, so some parents of Deaf children don’t select sign language when they grow their children. However, some articles reported that the children who have skillful Sign Language as their first language have the ability to acquire written language, like other foreign language learners. On the other hand, the children who don’t have no skillful sign language or spoken language as their first language only perform half level of the native sign language users on written language test. Therefore, most important thing is to acquire skillful language as the first language and it helps Deaf children acquire written language. To think how to make the bridge between sign language and written language in bilingual education is the future tasks because those language are different modality. "

'''Mayberry, I. R. (n.d.). First-language acqui- sition after childhood differs from second- language acquisition. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 1258-1270. Retrieved December, 1993.'''