User:Mbfarias16/sandbox

Chinese maritime history
China's early trade exports included pepper, safflower, and fine spices. There were two main trade routes during this time; an Islamic merchant network from Arabia to ports of China, and the Tamil network from the Chola kingdom to the coast of India. Water was the cheapest and usually the only way to transport goods in bulk over long distances. In addition, it was the safest way to transport commodities. The long trade routes created popular trading ports called Entrepôts. there were three popular Entrepôts; the Malaka in southwestern Malaya, Hoi An in Vietnam, and Ayuthaya in Thailand. These super centers for trade were ethnically diverse, because ports served as a midpoint of voyages and trade instead of a destination. The Entrepôts helped link the coastal cities to the "hempispheric trade nexus". The increase in sea trade initiated a cultural exchange among traders. From 1400 to 1600 the Chinese population doubled from 75 million to 150 million as a result of imported goods, this was known as the "age of commerce.

in the age of navigation include maps

The oldest known map is dated back to 12,000 B.C. and was found in a spanish cave, and was discovered by Pilar Utrilla. The early maps were oriented with east being at the top. This is believed to have begun in the the region of the middle east. Religion played a role in the drawing of maps. Countries that were predominantly Christian during the middle ages placed east at the top of the maps in part due to Genesis,"the lord god planted a garden toward the east in Eden". This lead to maps containing the image of Jesus Christ, and the garden of Eden at the top of maps. The latitude and longitude coordinate tables were made with the sole purpose of praying towards Mecca. The next progression of maps came with the Portolan chart. The portolan was the first map that labeled North at the top and was drawn proportionate to size. Landmarks were drawn with great detail.

Islamic maritime history

Control of sea routes dictated the political and military power of the Islamic nation. The Islamic border spread from Spain to China. Maritime trade was used to link the vast territories that spanned the Mediterranean sea to the Indian ocean.The Arabs were among the first to sail the Indian ocean. Long distance trade allowed the movement of "armies, craftsmen, scholars, and pilgrims". Sea trade was an important factor not just for the coastal ports and cities like Istanbul, but also for Baghdad and Iraq, which are further inland. Sea trade enabled the distribution of food and supplies to feed entire populations in the middle east. Long distance sea trade imported raw materials for building, luxury goods for the wealthy, and new inventions.

The history of books starts with the development of writing, and various other inventions such as paper and printing, and continues through to the modern day business of book printing. The earliest history of books actually predates what would conventionally be called "books" today and begins with tablets, scrolls, and sheets of papyrus. Then hand-bound, expensive, and elaborate books known as codices appeared. These gave way to press-printed volumes and eventually lead to the mass printed tomes prevalent today.

The book also became more accessible to the disabled with spoken books and the advent of Braille.

Contemporary books may even have no physical presence with the advent of the e-book.

Reading for the blind
Braille is a system of reading and writing through the use of the finger tips. Braille was developed as a system of efficient communication for blind and partially blind alike. The system consists of sixty-three characters and was read left to right. These characters are made with small raised dots in two columns similar to a modern domino piece to represent each letter. Readers can identify characters with two fingers and reading speed could reach one hundred and twenty words per minute and top out at two hundred words per minute.

The making of Braille
Braile was named after its creator Louis Braille in 1824 in France. Braille stabbed himself in the eyes at the age of three with his fathers leather working tools. Braille spent nine years working on a previous system of communication called night writing by Charles Barbier. Braille published his book "procedure for writing words, music, and plainsong in dots", in 1829. In 1854 France made Braille the "official communication system for blind individuals". Valentin Haüy was the first person to put Braille on paper in the form of a book. In 1932 Braille became accepted and used in English speaking countries. In 1965 the Nemeth Code of Braille Mathematics and Scientific Notation was created. The code was developed to assign symbols to advanced mathematical notations and operations. The system has remained the same, only minor adjustments have been made to it since its creation.

The history of books starts with the development of writing, and various other inventions such as paper and printing, and continues through to the modern day business of book printing. The earliest history of books actually predates what would conventionally be called "books" today and begins with tablets, scrolls, and sheets of papyrus. Then hand-bound, expensive, and elaborate books known as codices appeared. These gave way to press-printed volumes and eventually lead to the mass printed tomes prevalent today.

The book also became more accessible to the disabled with spoken books and the advent of Braille.

Contemporary books may even have no physical presence with the advent of the e-book.

Spoken Books
The Spoken book was originally created in the 1930s to provide the blind and visually impaired with a medium to enjoy books. In 1932 the American Foundation for the Blind, created the first recordings of spoken books on Vinyl records. In 1935, a British based foundation, Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB), was the first to deliver talking books to the blind on vinyl records. Each record contained about thirty minutes of audio on both sides, and the records were played on a gramophone. Spoken books changed mediums in the 1960's with the transition from vinyl records to cassette tapes. The next progression of spoken books came in the 1980s with the wide spread use of compact discs. The use of compact discs reached more people, making it possible to listen to books in the car. In 1995 the term audiobook became the industry standard. Finally, the internet enabled audio books to become more accessible and portable. Audio books could now be played in there entirety instead of being split, or having to change disks.

I'd like to make a list of suggested improvements for the article of the history of books.


 * 1) In section three on east asia on woodblock printing, I'd like to include the proper term of xylography and the process in detail. In addition, include some pictures
 * 2) Include the fact that that china was responsible for the printing of the first book Jikji.
 * 3) In the section dealing with parchment talk more about why parchment was developed, instead of it was developed.
 * 4) possibly consider making a section dedicated to book burning.
 * 5) In the section of the printing press, include the Gutenberg bibles. Also, explain Gutenberg's contribution to the development of books.
 * 6) Include a section which talks about books in the form of audio-books, and Braille. Possible section for disabled readers.
 * 7) Talk about amazon as the first online book seller. Include the name of the first book sold on amazon. possibly include the expansion of amazon/literature.
 * 8) The E-book section should include other ebook platforms besides amazons kindle. Add ibooks and B&N Nook. Include
 * 9) There will be sentences that need to be edited as well.

Here is a list of some of the sources I have collected.

https://sfbook.com/the-evolution-of-the-book.htm

https://pitt.libguides.com/historybooksprinting/originsofthebook

https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/j.ctt1pwt87v.8?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=ebooks&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Fsd%3D%26amp%3BsearchType%3DfacetSearch%26amp%3Bfacet_chapter%3DY2hhcHRlcg%253D%253D%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3BcurrentPath%3D%252Faction%252FdoBasicSearch%26amp%3BQuery%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bebooks%26amp%3Bpage%3D1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/20024803?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3A9e76bcdaab5cce025220684501094f81

https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/3659444?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3Adbe6e4d43bf318f6e162e94e9798664e

https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/2713139?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3Afafafb43efd2781af624fbc5e09e4077

https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/25614307?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3Abc72043f7b7e1c2f3f3c60eee3b5603c&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/40372194?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3A86386cb43fb5ca506e5b293cc11b68f0

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_understanding-media-and-culture-an-introduction-to-mass-communication/s06-01-history-of-books.html

https://archaeologyofreading.org/historiography/

https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3403038/darnton_historybooks.pdf?sequence=2

http://historycooperative.org/a-history-of-e-books/

I plan to edit the wikipedia page the History of Books. I plan on adding a section for the introduction of the mass market paperback. In addition I'd like to add to the section of culture the life cycle of the printed book. If time permits I'd like to also add a section for the audiobook. The article makes no mention of its existence. If it helps I'd like to make small adjustments on grammar and sentences.