User:Mbrighton3/1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion

Overview
The Damascus Titan missile explosion (also called the Damascus accident) was a 1980 U.S. nuclear weapons incident involving a Titan II Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). There were originally 54 Titan Missiles. The incident occurred on September 18–19, 1980, at Missile Complex 374-7 in rural Arkansas when a U.S. Air Force LGM-25C Titan II ICBM loaded with a nine -megaton W-53 nuclear warhead experienced a liquid fuel explosion inside its silo. During the cold war years, the Titan II ICMB was a step in nuclear warfare. It could destroy a target in one blow. It had a range of 5,500 miles, meaning during the Cold War the targets culd reach the core of China and the Soviet Union. This missile was no joke and a huge step in warfare (23).

The incident began with a fuel leak at 6:30 p.m. on September 18, and culminated with the explosion at around 3:00 a.m. on September 19, ejecting the warhead from its silo. The warhead landed a short distance away and no radioactive material was lost.

Launch Complex 374-7 was located in Bradley Township, Van Buren County farmland just 3.3 miles (5.3 km) NNE of Damascus, and approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of Little Rock. The launch complex had already had leak in 1978 where oxidizer leaked into a cloud of toxic fumes. Civilians evacuated the area, but the leak was able to be repaired fast.

The Strategic Air Command facility of Little Rock Air Force Base was one of eighteen silos in the command of the 308th Strategic Missile Wing (308th SMW), specifically one of the nine silos within its 374th Strategic Missile Squadron (374th SMS), at the time of the explosion.

Leadup to the Explosion [edit]
At around 6:30 p.m. CDT on Thursday, September 18, 1980, two airmen from a Propellant Transfer System (PTS) team were checking the pressure on the oxidizer tank of a USAF Titan II missile at Little Rock AFB's Launch Complex 374-7. One of the workers, Airman David P. Powell, had brought a ratchet wrench – 3 ft (0.9 m) long weighing 25 lb (11 kg) – into the silo instead of a torque wrench, the latter having been newly mandated by Air Force regulations. Powell later claimed that he was already below ground in his safety suit when he realized he had brought the wrong wrench, so he chose to continue rather than turn back. The 8 lb (3.6 kg) socket fell off the ratchet and dropped approximately 80 feet (24 m) before bouncing off a thrust mount and piercing the missile's skin over the first-stage fuel tank, causing it to leak a cloud of its Aerozine 50 fuel.

Aerozine 50 is hypergolic with the Titan II's oxidizer, dinitrogen tetroxide, such that they spontaneously ignite upon contact with each other. The nitrogen tetroxide is kept in a second tank in the rocket's first stage, directly above the fuel tank and below the second stage and its nine-megaton W-53 nuclear warhead. Dinitrogen tetroxide is hazardous when it comes it contact with another substance, in this case Aerozine 50. It is highly toxic to be around as it could cause delayed pulmonary edema. Considering how dangerous it is alone, you could only imagine how bad it is when something comes in contact with it (22).

At roughly 9 am all the military personnel manning the site were evacuated. Nearly an hour later, civilians in the area surrounding the complex were being evacuated as well. Eventually, the missile combat crew and the PTS team evacuated the launch control center, while military and civilian response teams arrived to tackle the hazardous situation. Lieutenant General Lloyd R. Leavitt Jr., the Vice Commander of the Strategic Air Command, commanded the effort to save the launch complex. There was concern for the possible collapse of the now empty first-stage fuel tank, which could cause the rest of the 8-story missile to fall and rupture, allowing the oxidizer to contact the fuel already in the silo.

The ARAC (Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability) were made aware of the leak and were told to be on standby for the calculations. Along with

The Explosion[edit]
Early in the morning of Friday, September 19, a two-man PTS investigation team consisting of Senior Airman David Lee Livingston and Sergeant Jeff K. Kennedy entered the silo. Because their vapor detectors indicated an explosive atmosphere, the two were ordered to evacuate. The team was then ordered to reenter the silo to turn on an exhaust fan. Livingston reentered the silo to carry out the order and shortly thereafter, at about 3:00 a.m., the hypergolic fuel exploded – likely due to arcing in the exhaust fan. The initial explosion catapulted the 740-ton silo door away from the silo and ejected the second stage and warhead. Once clear of the silo, the second stage exploded. The W53 thermonuclear warhead landed about 100 feet (30 m) from the launch complex's entry gate. Its safety features prevented any loss of radioactive material or nuclear detonation.

The Aftermath[edit]
Livingston died at the hospital, and 21 others in the immediate vicinity of the blast sustained various injuries; Kennedy struggled with respiratory issues from inhaling oxidizer but survived. Livingston was posthumously promoted to staff sergeant. The entire missile launch complex was destroyed.

At daybreak, the Air Force retrieved the warhead, which was returned to the Pantex weapons assembly plant.

The launch complex was never repaired. The estimated cost of fixing the complex was $225,322,670 and the cost of cleanup would be $20,000,000. Pieces of debris were taken away from the 400 acres (1.6 km2) surrounding the facility. They cleaned up nearly 100,000 gallons of contaminated water from the silo. The air force decided to just bury the site under a mound of gravel, soil, and small concrete debris. The land is now under private ownership. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 18, 2000.

Kennedy, initially praised as a hero, later received an official letter of reprimand for his first entry into the complex, as it later transpired that he had disregarded an order to stay away.

The Damascus Crisis revealed deficiencies in the ARAC system. ARAC must be brought it a the first recognition of a problem. They should always be kept in the loop of projects, this way they can provide accurate and safe calculations. For CONUS events, data must be generated within an hour and with off-CONUS they must be generated in less than three hours. After this crisis, ARAC training improvements were made to minimize the time from first recognition to the first calculation (19). In 1994, Titan II missile was successfully launched after the changes and improvements were made as a result of the crisis in 1980 (21).

Popular culture[edit]
A 1988 television film, Disaster at Silo 7, is based on this event.

Season 4, episode 4 (ep. 75) of Scorpion is largely based on this event.

The Titan Missile Museum near Tuscon, Arizona gives a rare look into nuclear technology in the United States. You can take a tour through the silo. You can travel through time on the front line during the cold war and see the preserved Titan missile complex (20). In September 2013, Eric Schlosser published a book titled Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety. It focused on the explosion, as well as other Broken Arrow incidents during the Cold War. A documentary film titled Command and Control from director Robert Kenner, based on Schlosser's book, was released on January 10, 2017. The film was broadcast by PBS as part of its American Experience series.

Jeff Plumb's account of his role in the incident was featured in a 2017 episode of WBEZ's This American Life.

See also[edit]

 * List of military nuclear accidents
 * National Register of Historic Places listings in Van Buren County, Arkansas
 * 1965 Searcy missile silo fire

References[edit]

 * 1) Schlosser, Eric (2013). Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety. Penguin Press. pp. Title. ISBN  978-1594202278
 * 2) Christ, Mark K.; Arkansas Historic Preservation Program (January 20, 2017). "Titan II Missile Explosion (1980) – Encyclopedia of Arkansas". www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Archived from the original on January 21, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
 * 3) "Missile silo blast probed". Chicago Tribune. wire services. September 20, 1980. p. 1, sec. 1.
 * 4) "Missile silo blast kills 1, hurts 21; no radiation leak". St. Petersburg Times. (Florida). AP, UPI. September 20, 1980. p. 1–A.
 * 5) 'Hero' of Titan II Missile Explosion Is Reprimanded by Air Force". The Washington Post. February 12, 1981. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
 * 6) Pincus, Walter (December 9, 1980). "Colonel Replaced in Action Linked to Fatal Titan Explosion". Washington Post. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
 * 7) Schlosser, Eric (2013). Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety. Penguin Press. ISBN  978-1-59420-227-8
 * 8) Command and Control – American Experience – WGBH – PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
 * 9) 'What warhead?' Air Force aides ask". Chicago Tribune. wire services. September 21, 1980. p. 3, sec. 1.
 * 10) "Air Force truck removes damaged warhead". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). UPI. September 22, 1980. p. 1A.
 * 11) "Titan warhead flown to nuclear arms plant". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. September 24, 1980. p. 6A.
 * 12) Schlosser, Eric (2013). Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety. Penguin Press. p. 484. ISBN  978-1-59420-227-8.
 * 13) "Disaster at Silo 7". November 27, 1988. Retrieved May 18, 2017 – via IMDb.
 * 14) "Season 4, Episode 4 Nuke Kids on the Block". October 16, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017 – via TVGuide.com.
 * 15) Walter Russell Mead (September 12, 2013). "Atomic Gaffes: Command and Control by Eric Schlosser". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
 * 16) McKinley, James (October 5, 2012). "Fast Food Nation Author Will Return With Book on Nuclear Weapons". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
 * 17) O'Hehir, Andrew (September 14, 2016). "The night we almost lost Arkansas – a 1980 nuclear Armageddon that almost was". Salon. Retrieved November 18, 2020. On a September night 36 years ago, we nearly lost Arkansas. Some people may regard that as a mixed blessing, even now – Bill Clinton and his wife, then the governor and first lady of that state, were less than 50 miles away in Little Rock, at the Arkansas Democratic Convention. If the Titan 2 intercontinental ballistic missile, or ICBM, that exploded inside its silo in Damascus, Arkansas, had detonated its nuclear warhead, both the Clintons and Vice President Walter Mondale (also attending the convention) would have been dead within minutes.
 * 18) "Human Error in Volatile Situations". December 22, 2017.
 * 19) "TITAN MISSILE MUSEUM". Titan Missile Museum. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
 * 20) Howard, Gary D.; McNamara, Roger P. (1995-01-01). "Titan II planetary delivery launch system". Acta Astronautica. 35: 667–670. doi:10.1016/0094-5765(94)00234-D. ISSN 0094-5765.
 * 21) "Effects of fuel component, airflow field and obstacles on explosion characteristics of hydrogen/methane mixtures fuel". Energy. 265: 126302. 2023-02-15. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.126302. ISSN 0360-5442.
 * 22) Silva, Rachel (September 1, 2009). "Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places "At the Front Lines of the Cold War": Titan II ICBM Launch Complex Sites". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 68 (3)
 * 1) Silva, Rachel (September 1, 2009). "Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places "At the Front Lines of the Cold War": Titan II ICBM Launch Complex Sites". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 68 (3)