User:Mbw00007/Smart city

Structure
Smart cities are constructed by connecting the city's public infrastructure with city application systems and passing collected data through three layers, the perception layer, the network layer and the application layer. City application systems the use data to make better decisions when controlling different city infrastructures. The perception layer is where data is collected across the smart city using sensors. This data could be collected through sensors such as cameras, RFID, or GPS positioning. The perception layer sends data it collects using wireless transmissions to the network layer. The network layer is responsible for transporting collected data from the perception layer to the application layer. The network layer utilizes a city's communication infrastructure to send data meaning it can be intercepted by attackers and must be held responsible for keeping collected data and information private. The application layer is responsible for processing the data received from network layer. The application layer uses the data it processes to make decisions on how to control the city infrastructure based on the data it receives.

History
The idea and existence of smart cities is relatively new. The existence of smart cities is thought to date back to the 1970s when the first urban big data project was created in Los Angeles. This project, titled "A Cluster Analysis of Los Angeles", did not categorize the city into a usual neighborhood or community area. It was instead categorized into scattered clusters with varying and unique names, noticeably different than traditional city planning reports. Though the origin of smart cities traces back to Los Angeles, Amsterdam is believed to be the first smart city to exist. In 1994 Amsterdam successfully created a virtual digital city. Cisco and IBM put millions of dollars into the research and creation of urban cities between 2005 and 2010. In 2011, a Smart City Expo World Congress was held in Barcelona, in which 6000 people from 50 countries attended. The United Kingdom and China began to launch plans of several pilot smart cities in these countries. Around this time, the concept of smart cities began to take off. Cities like London, Toronto, New York, Salt Lake City, and more began making advancements and blue prints, planning the launch of several new developments. In 2020, Vietnam began working on a new smart city near Hanoi, with plans of completion in 2028. As time goes on the percentage of smart cities in the worlds will keep increasing, and by 2050, up tp 70% of the world's population is expected to live in them.

Technologies
Energy Data Management Systems can help to save cities energy by recording data and using it to increase efficiency.

Brisbane
Brisbane launched a project to install poles around the city that would keep track of important information such as air quality or environmental noise. The information they collect is used by the city council to improve operations around the city. They also serve as street lights, have outlets for charging, and Wi-Fi.