User:McKenzieKay/sandbox

Draft so far:
Characteristics: "Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids have, adapted to the steep and rocky terrain by adjusting the pads on their toes to maintain grip. The surface area of Camels foot pads will can increase with increasing velocity in order to reduce pressure on the feet and larger members of the camelid species will usually have larger pad area to help distribute weight across the foot. Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.

Potential Bonus: Camelid Gait
Camelids are behaviorally similar in many ways, including their walking gait, in which both legs on the same side are moved simultaneously. '''While running, camelids engage a unique "running pace gait" in which limbs on the same side move simultaneously, this ensures that the fore and hind limb will not collide while in fast motion. During this motion there is a moment where all four limbs are off the ground at the same time.''' Consequently, camelids large enough for human beings to ride have a typical swaying motion.

Post Peer Review Draft
Camel Foot stuff:

https://www.idosi.org/gv/gv6(4)11/14.pdf

http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0809/075_10676am0809_549_556.pdf

Camel Locomotion!https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228948123_Locomotor_evolution_in_camels_revisited_A_quantitative_analysis_of_pedal_anatomy_and_the_acquisition_of_the_pacing_gait

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524199?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb03144.x

Overall notes:
People overall liked the first version of the statements but there were also a few drafts changing the wording which I think will help a lot, there are some tings there asking me to cite that I would have to ask the original poster to cite because I don't know where the information came from.

- Foot pad image has been added but I could use some advice on captioning it

- I have added some of my peer review edits into a new draft of my additions

Next steps:

- Review this paper: (looking for functional explanetions

Clemente, C. J., Dick, T. J., Glen, C. L., & Panagiotopoulou, O. (2020). Biomechanical insights into the role of foot pads during locomotion in camelid species. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-12.:

-

Reviews:
- Maybe add an image of the camelidae and what their feet look like since they are not "hooves" and add a picture of hooves or link too it so it is clear of what the difference is between the two topics picture wise to the "Foot Pads" section

Characteristics: "Camelids (add link) do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails (Add picture and or link) and soft foot pads (Add picture and or link) (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids have adapted to the steep and rocky terrain by moving the pads on their toes to maintain grip. The surface area of camel foot pads will can increase with increasing velocity in order to reduce the pressure on the feet Many fossil camelids (add link here) were unguligrade and probably hooved (add link), in contrast to all living species.

- I found the second edit easier to read and process. The sentence feels natural and like it adds to the section. I would also double check for typos!

I'd like to see in-text citations especially for that sentence you added

- Characteristics: "Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids have adapted to steep and rocky terrain, and can adjust the pads on their toes to maintain grip. In these species there is a strong relationship between body mass and surface area, meaning larger members of the species will have larger pad area. The surface area of a camelid's foot pads will can increase with increasing velocity i n order to reduce pressure on the feet. Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.

- For McKenzie's section I thought the phrase "In these species there is a strong relationship between body mass and surface area, meaning larger members of the species will have larger pad area." worked much better.

- McKenzie : "In these species there is a strong relationship between body mass and surface area, meaning larger members of the species will have larger pad area. " Rewriting it might help it come across more clearly that surface area of the foot pads depends on it's body size rather than the relationship coming off as specific to Camildae. "Larger Camildae have larger foot pads due to their increased body mass. The surface area of the foot pads accommodates to the mass to let them walk on steep and rocky terrain."

- I liked how McKenzie added 2 different draft proposals. This could add variety to her edits and gives others a chance to give her more feedback on each version. Personally, I liked the first version better because it better describes the relationship between the footpad and velocity: “The surface area of Camels foot pads will can increase with increasing velocity in order to reduce pressure on the feet”.

Abby:
"With the presence of a notochord, adult amphioxus are able to swim and tolerate the tides of coastal environments, but they are most likely to be found within the sediment of these communities."

- Information is properly cited from a reliable source

- Not sure what you mean by "communities" in the second sentence

"They are only a few centimeters in length and due to their lack of a mineralized skeleton, their presence in the fossil record is minimal."

- I like the replacement of the statement "no hard parts"

- Consider keeping mention of the found in old rocks predating vertebrates if you can find some source for it

Noah:
- I like the reorganization of the wheel organ information

- My biggest issue is just that I spent a lot of time trying to figure out what changes were made and trying to see what information was different

- I see your changes to the intro in Abby's section which is nice, good collaboration.

" Chordates get their name from their characteristic “notochord”, which plays a significant role in chordate structure and movement"

- I don't know if this flows right here, I like the statement but it feels jammed into the paragraph

Katelyn:
- Would your morphological inclusion go directly after the ending of Noah's section?

-Is "studies have shown necessary" I think you can just make that statement then make sure the study is linked (looks like you have that already)

"These projections are chemoreceptors that stimulate the epithelial cilia lining inside the walls of the oral hood to bring food particles into the mouth"

- Add a link to the chemoreceptors page here (if that exists)

Overall it looks great guys, I'm impressed by the collaboration all on one page and I love the info you've added.

Ornothologists
Allie:

- Looks like all your links work and sources are cited

"(fused vertebrae of the back also fused to the hips/pelvis"

- might want to restructure this sentence, just felt a little confusing to me

Janet:

- your syrinx link takes you to a page on greek mythology, not sure if this is on purpose

"Birds use the syrinx to create sounds rather than the larynx due to it's superior sound quality.  This led to the syrinx being developed despite possessing a layrnx and is a key feature that separates the bird from other"

- does this imply the syrinx developed because it "sounded better"

- add "is", right now the sentence is a little confusing

'''Good work y'all! Just some minor gramatical changes but overall some awesome additions''' McKenzieKay (talk) 21:20, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

Foot Pads:
Camelidae

Characteristics: "Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids, adapted to steep and rocky terrain, can move the pads on their toes to maintain grip. The surface area of Camels foot pads will can increase with increasing velocity in order to reduce pressure on the feet Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.

Or

Characteristics: "Camelids do not have hooves; rather, they have two-toed feet with toenails and soft foot pads (Tylopoda is Greek for "padded foot"). Most of the weight of the animal rests on these tough, leathery sole pads. The South American camelids, adapted to steep and rocky terrain, can move the pads on their toes to maintain grip. In these species there is a strong relationship between body mass and surface area, meaning larger members of the species will have larger pad area. Many fossil camelids were unguligrade and probably hooved, in contrast to all living species.

Places to look:
Mammal Textbook

JSTOR

Look for papers

Group Sandbox Link
User:Nautas99/groupsandbox

Topics
- The anatomy introduction is WEAK, only talks about hooves, teeth, and cranial appendages.

Could absolutely rewrite the introduction to the anatomy section

- Could add a section for comparative anatomy across ungulates

- Found an interesting article about antlers that I could add from

- Some of the ungulate links don't work (2)

- There is also a ton of information in here with no citations at all

Articles
Ungulates

Images/Media
- Better Image for hooves, potentially a skeletal one

Conclusion:
Overall I think my best course of action for this page is to read some of the articles/sources I've found to look for information that may be missing or incorrect on this page

however, because Ungulata is not a true taxonomic group, It becomes very hard to do research for the page. Perhaps my energy is better spent on a page for one of the groups that are part of the ungulate clade,

I want to work on the ungulate page I am just not sure how I can do that

Wiki Page Choice:
Ungulates

- I have recently been accepted into an internship for an Ungulate program at a wildlife park, I would love to work on this page to get some extra knowledge on the species before I begin my internship!


 * Article talks about modification of the astragalus bone (Talus bone) but goes into no further detail
 * Only information on skeletal morphology, no mention of any other adaptions
 * This is a super wide group wow, so many ungulates
 * I get that dolphins are ungulates but if their definition is hooved mammals than WHY ARE THEY INCLUDED (evolution probably but still)

* mammology textbook in the library*

Mammal

- This is the page I've been working on for the past few weeks

Individual Assignment Draft: Mammal Article
I want to edit the initial part of the mammal wiki article "Anatomy: distinguishing features" and add a potential cross link to the "Anatomy: Vertebrates" page on Wikipedia as well.
 * 1) Copyedit the article.
 * 2) Choose an article. Read through it, thinking about ways to improve the language, such as fixing grammatical mistakes. Then, make the appropriate changes. You don’t need to contribute new information to the article.
 * 3) If some of the language is plagiarized, can you paraphrase the content so that more appropriate paraphrasing is employed?

Distinguishing features [Copyedit]
My additions/edits are listed in bold

Mammals are a member of the vertebrate family see also Anatomy: Vertebrates?

Living mammal species can be identified by the presence of sweat glands, including those that are specialized to produce milk to nourish their young. In classifying fossils, however, other features must be used, since soft tissue such as glands and other features are not visible in fossils.

Many traits shared by all living mammals appeared among the earliest members of the group including:


 * Jaw joint – The dentary (the lower jaw bone, which carries the teeth) and the squamosal (a small cranial bone) meet to form the joint. In most gnathostomes, including early therapsids, the joint consists of the articular (a small bone at the back of the lower jaw) and quadrate (a small bone at the back of the upper jaw).
 * Middle ear – In crown-group mammals, sound is carried from the eardrum by a chain of three bones, the malleus, the incus and the stapes. Ancestrally, the malleus and the incus are derived from the articular and the quadrate bones that constituted the jaw joint of early therapsids.
 * Tooth replacement – Teeth can be replaced once (diphyodonty) or (as in toothed whales and murid rodents) not at all (monophyodonty). Elephants, manatees, and kangaroos continually grow new teeth throughout their life (polyphyodonty).
 * Prismatic enamel – The enamel coating on the surface of a tooth consists of prisms, solid, rod-like structures extending from the dentin to the tooth's surface.
 * Occipital condyles – Two knobs at the base of the skull fit into the topmost neck vertebra; most other tetrapods, in contrast, have only one such knob.
 * Occipital condyles – Two knobs at the base of the skull fit into the topmost neck vertebra; most other tetrapods, in contrast, have only one such knob.

For the most part, these characteristics were not present in the Triassic ancestors of the mammals. Nearly all mammaliaforms possess an epipubic bone, the exception being modern placentals.


 * Occipital condyles – Two knobs at the base of the skull which form the connection into the topmost neck vertebra; most other tetrapods, in contrast, have only one such knob.

'''@Dr. Shutz: Do we know much about what these are and how they arose? The Wikipedia page for it is super sparse and I was wondering If we had any idea why we have two and reptiles only have 1, is it in all mammals this is also super human centric, pretty much just talks about injuries to the section but nothing else. Why is this then on of the main traits shared by all mammals'''

Group Discussion: Plagiarism
Discuss this with your group in lab:


 * Blog posts and press releases are considered poor sources of reliable information. Why?
 * Blog posts are often someone's opinion on some set of information and is therefore usually biased, press releases are also biased because they are designed and put out by the group the release is about, these will often only show what information they want out there
 * What are some reasons you might not want to use a company's website as the main source of information about that company?
 * Much like with the press release, company websites are designed to show the positives of the company from the companies perspective and will not highlight unflattering information about the company which is equally important for an unbiased project
 * What is the difference between a copyright violation and plagiarism?
 * Plagiarism is stealing someone's ideas without giving them proper credit, copyright violations occur when a copyright is present on something and that thing is then used without the copyright holder's permission
 * What are some good techniques to avoid close paraphrasing and plagiarism?
 * Do not copy and paste
 * Combine information from multiple sources
 * Act as if you are explaining the concept to someone with slightly less knowledge on the subject than you have

Feedback: Discussion and Adding to an Article

 * This is all very well organized. It is easy to read and allows me to follow not only your thinking but also the changes that you propose because I know what was there before and the change you intend to make.
 * The changes you propose are all good. I would encourage you to suggest them in the talk page.
 * Two occipital condyles is certainly a mammalian feature. A mammalogy textbook (like we discussed) or other reference materials may be quite useful to you.
 * Another resource that you may find particularly useful is the Animal Diversity Web site from the University of Michigan. It is NOT to be used as a source, but the pages are very well researched (not peer reviewed so that is the problem) and they cite articles and texts that you can then use in your own research for Wikipedia articles. In particular as a good solid starting point.
 * Remember to "sign" your work after submission. Even though this is your sandbox and you do not need to do it, get into the habit as it is an expectation of good faith practice when contributing to articles or talk pages.Osquaesitor (talk) 17:16, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

Mammal Content Gap
* THIS HAS NOT BEEN POSTED TO THE MAMMAL TALK PAGE*

Overall our group agreed that the page was in pretty good shape. The sources are cited and are overall very good sources to be using for a page of this nature (mainly from scientific articles and research papers). The largest content gap we noticed was actually when it came to relating this page to our own class. There is very little relating the structures within the skeleton to how they appear in mammals. There are also a lot of individual sections, so some ties and comparisons between these sections would be helpful. There is the initial "Distinguishing Features" section but it is vague and honestly a little hard to read. We also noticed that the article was lacking a few citations for fact-based information. Below we would like to present a potential post to be added to the mammal talk page.

Comparative anatomy between mammals?
Hi, I think there could be potential to add a comparative anatomy section to this article. It could be located within the anatomy section or even just a link to a new article however there is really not much on the similarities between mammal skeletons as far as how their skeletons have adapted and developed yet still share the same base structures. An image comparing the bone structure of different mammals and their locations within the body would bring a new dimension of information to the article. A larger section on communication and vocalization would be beneficial as well, as it would differentiate between different groups of mammals, and help with drawing more comparative perspectives amongst groups of mammals.

Group Discussion: What's a content gap

 * Wikipedians often talk about "content gaps." What do you think a content gap is, and what are some possible ways to identify them? Information that is missing or not listed within an article
 * What are some reasons a content gap might arise? What are some ways to remedy them? A reason could be that an editor just doesn't know enough on the subject.
 * Does it matter who writes Wikipedia? To some extent, it matters. Typically, you want a person who is knowledgeable about the subject and is accurate in what they are talking about.
 * What does it mean to be "unbiased" on Wikipedia? How is that different, or similar, to your own definition of "bias"? On Wikipedia it is especially important to be fact based. And to have the evidence to back it up. This is similar to our own definitions to bias.

Individual Article Evaluation

 * Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
 * "Many traits shared by all living mammals appeared among the earliest members of the group"
 * Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Most statements are sourced from scientific papers and research
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * So far very neutral and fact based
 * Check a few citations.
 * Are they properly formatted? So far yes but it could use a few more for some facts
 * Do the links work? Yes
 * Does the source support the claims in the article? Yes, pulled mostly from scientific papers
 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
 * On average, male mammals are larger than females, with males being at least 10% larger than females in over 45% of investigated species. Most mammalian orders are also exhibit male-biased sexual dimorphism, although some orders do not show any bias or are significantly female-biased (Lagomorpha).
 * Are there any instances of plagiarism on the page?
 * Havent seen any yet
 * Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
 * crown-group mammals, - could use a link to what a crown group is
 * suggesting that there are parallel selection pressures on both male and female size. Male-biased dimorphism relates to sexual selection on males through male–male competition for females, as there is a positive correlation between the degree of sexual selection, as indicated by mating systems, and the degree of male-biased size dimorphism. The degree of sexual selection is also positively correlated with (intra vs intersexual selection)
 * Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * Mostly about pictures and images within the page
 * Potential to add a section about mammal communication
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
 * Definitely a focus on the general concepts and not a lot of comparative stuff or evolutionary facts, only talks about a few "distinct" features to mammals