User:McKenzie Funk/sandbox

New Sources:

Parlett, David. "Lizzie Magie: America's First Lady of Games," Board Game Studies: Journal 13, 99-109.

Harris, Taylor. (2018) "Pass Go and Collect $200: The Real Story of How Monopoly Was Invented," Children's Book and Media Review: Vol. 39: Iss. 8, Article 53

Website of actual Patent: https://patents.google.com/patent/US498129A/en

Janet Ingraham Dwyer. (2015). The Monopolists: Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal Behind the World’s Favorite Board Game. Library Journal, 140(2), 90.

Copied from  Original: Elizabeth J. Phillips (née Magie; May 9, 1866 – March 2, 1948 ) was an American game designer, writer and Georgist. She invented The Landlord's Game, the precursor to Monopoly, to illustrate teachings of the progressive era economist Henry George.

Edit: Elizabeth J. Phillips (née Magie; May 9, 1866 – March 2, 1948 ) was an American game designer, writer, feminist, abolitionist, and Georgist. She invented The Landlord's Game, the precursor to Monopolyto illustrate teachings of the progressive era economist Henry George.

Original:

1 Life and Works

2 Death

3 Legacy

4 References

5 Further Reading

Edit:

1 Life and Occupations

2 Political Activism

3 The Land Lord's Game

4 Death

5 Legacy

6 References

7 Further Reading

Original:

Life and Works

Elizabeth J. Magie was born in Macomb, Illinois, in 1866 to James K. Magie, a newspaper publisher and an abolitionist who accompanied Abraham Lincoln as he traveled around Illinois in the late 1850s debating politics with Stephen Douglas. James Magie introduced Lizzie to the economist Henry George's writing, specifically the book Progress and Poverty, after which Magie became a strong supporter of what at that time was called a single-tax system (Georgism). In the early 1880s she worked as a stenographer. She was also a short story and poetry writer, comedian, stage actress, feminist, and engineer. In the late 1800s, Magie received a patent for her invention that made the typewriting process easier by allowing paper to go through more easily. When her invention came about, the numbers of women with patents was less than one percent. The fact that she was only 26 years old, gave her even more credit amongst her peers. She also worked as a news reporter for a brief time in the early 1900s. One of Magie's most memorable escapades was when she tried to auction herself off as a "young woman American slave" in order to make extra money. The ad Magie published became the talk of the town. It spread rapidly through the news and gossip columns around the country. Magie made a name for herself as a sexual, out-spoken, feminist. In 1910, at age 44, she married Albert Wallace Phillips.

Edit:

Life and Occupations

Elizabeth J. Magie was born in Macomb, Illinois, in 1866 to James K. Magie, a newspaper publisher and an abolitionist who accompanied Abraham Lincoln as he traveled around Illinois in the late 1850s debating politics with Stephen Douglas. After moving to the D.C and Maryland area in the early 1880s, she worked as a stenographer. She was also a short story and poetry writer, comedian, stage actress, feminist, and engineer. At the age of 26, Magie received a patent for her invention that made the typewriting process easier by allowing paper to go through more easily. At the time, women were credited with less that one percent of the patents. She also worked as a news reporter for a brief time in the early 1900s. In 1910, at age 44, she married Albert Wallace Phillips.

Political Activism

Elizabeth Magie was an outspoken activist for the feminist movement, the abolition of slavery, and Georgism, which reflected her father's political beliefs when she was young. Georgism refers the economic perspective that instead of taxing income or other sources, the government should create a universal land tax based on the usefulness, size, and location of the land. Then, after funding the government, the left over money would be distributed to the people. Many progressive political leaders at the time supported this economic perspective as it motivated people to cultivate land, redistributed wealth to people of low socioeconomic standing, eradicated the idea that landowners or landlords held the power and monetary value of the land that citizens used, and let people own all of the value and benefits of their creations. This belief became the basis for her game known as the Landlord's game.

Furthermore, She believed that women were equally as capable in men in inventing, business and other professional areas. In the 1800s, this was belief was considered both novel and radical. When she worked as a stenographer, she was making around $10 which did not permit her to support her self without the help of a husband. In order to bring the struggles of women in the United States to the public's attention, she bought an advertisement and tried to auction herself off as a "young woman American slave" looking for a husband to "own" her. This advertisement was meant to show the position of women and Black people in the country, emphasizing the fact that the only people that were truly free were white men. The ad Magie published became the talk of the town. It spread rapidly through the news and gossip columns around the country. Magie made a name for herself as an out-spoken and proud feminist.

Original:

Magie first made the game, known as The Landlord's Game, popular with friends while living in Brentwood, Maryland, and sought her first patent on it while living there. In 1903, Magie applied to the US Patent Office for a patent on her board game, which was designed to demonstrate the economic ill effects of land monopolism and the use of land value tax as a remedy for them. She was granted U.S. Patent 748,626 on January 5, 1904.

In 1906, she moved to Chicago. That year, she and fellow Georgists formed the Economic Game Co. to self-publish her original edition of The Landlord's Game. In 1910, she married Albert Phillips and Parker Brothers published her humorous card game Mock Trial. In 1912, The Landlord's Game was adapted in Scotland by the Newbie Game Co. as Bre'r Fox and Bre'r Rabbit. Although the instructions claimed it was protected by a British patent, there is no evidence this was actually done.

She and her husband moved back to the east coast of the U.S. and patented a revised version of the game in 1924; it received U.S. Patent 1,509,312. As her original patent had expired in 1921, this is seen as her attempt to reassert control over her game, which was now being played at some colleges, where students made their own copies. In 1932, her second edition of The Landlord's Game was published by the Adgame Company of Washington, D. C., probably another self-publishing effort. This version was two games in one, as there were alternate rules for a game called Prosperity.

After a January 1936 interview with Magie appeared in a Washington, D. C. newspaper, in which she was somewhat critical of Parker Brothers. Magie spoke to reporters about the similarities between Monopoly, and her own Landlord's Game. The article published spoke to the fact that Magie probably spent more money making her game, than she received in earnings, especially with the lack of credit she received after Monopoly was created. Another article was published that quoted Magie to say "there is nothing new under the sun". This was in reference to her own game and Monopoly. After all the drama with the articles and interviews, Parker Brothers agreed to publish two more of her games.

They sold her final board game inventions, Bargain Day and King's Men, in 1937, and a third version of The Landlord's Game in 1939. In Bargain Day, shoppers compete with each other in a department store; King's Men is an abstract strategy game. Few copies of the Parker Brothers version of The Landlord's Game are known to exist, but Bargain Day and King's Men are less rare.

Edit:

Land Lord's Game (Main article: History of the board game Monopoly)

Magie first made the game, known as The Landlord's Game, popular with friends while living in Brentwood, Maryland, and sought her first patent on it while living there. In 1903, Magie applied to the US Patent Office for a patent on her board game. She was granted U.S. Patent 748,626 on January 5, 1904.

The Landlord's Game was designed to demonstrate the economic ill effects of land monopolism and the use of land value tax as a remedy for them. Originally, the goal of the game was to simply obtain wealth. In the following patents, the game developed to eventually have two different settings, one being the monopolist set up where the goal is to own industries, create monopolies, and win by forcing others out of their industries and the game and the other being anti-monopolist (called Prosperity or Single Tax) set up where the goal is to create products, wealth and interact with opponents.

In 1906, she moved to Chicago. That year, she and fellow Georgists formed the Economic Game Co. to self-publish her original edition of The Landlord's Game. In 1910, the Parker Brothers published her humorous card game Mock Trial. Then the Newbie Game Co. in Scotland patented The Landlord's Game as "Bre'r Fox and Bre'r Rabbit;" however, there was no proof that the game was actually protected but the British patent.

She and her husband moved back to the east coast of the U.S. and patented a revised version of the game in 1924. As her original patent had expired in 1921, this is seen as her attempt to reassert control over her game, which was now being played at some colleges, where students made their own copies. In 1932, her second edition of The Landlord's Game was published by the Adgame Company of Washington, D. C.This version was two games, including Monopoly and Prosperity.

After a January 1936 interview with Magie appeared in a Washington, D. C. newspaper, in which she was somewhat critical of Parker Brothers. Magie spoke to reporters about the similarities between Monopoly, and her own Landlord's Game. The article published spoke to the fact that Magie probably spent more money making her game, than she received in earnings, especially with the lack of credit she received after Monopoly was created. Another article was published that quoted Magie to say "there is nothing new under the sun". This was in reference to her own game and Monopoly. After the interviews, Parker Brothers agreed to publish two more of her games.

Lizzie Magie also developed other games including Bargain Day and King's Men, in 1937, and a third version of The Landlord's Game in 1939. In Bargain Day, shoppers compete with each other in a department store; King's Men is an abstract strategy game.

Original:

Death

Magie died in Staunton, Virginia in 1948, aged 81. She is buried with her husband, Albert Wallace Phillips, in Columbia Gardens Cemetery, located in Arlington, Virginia. (This is actually plagiarized)

Edit:

Death

Lizzie Magie died at the age of 81 in 1948. Her husband, Albert Wallace, is buried with her in Arlington, Virginia. At her death, she was not credited for the impact that she had on the board game community and American culture.

(Even though I am using a news source for this citation, the author is credible and the article is not politically influenced or trying to enforce a narrative, so I think it would be okay to use it)

Original:

Legacy

Although Magie’s legacy may be centered on creating board games, she should also be remembered for creating easier and more effective ways of communicating important economic ideas. The Landlord's Game was not simply about collecting property and attempting to become the largest real estate holder on the board but, it was about learning how to operate and be successful in real estate. Magie explained in her own words that her game was “a practical demonstration of the present system of land-grabbing with all its usual outcomes and consequences”(ATI).

Another important aspect of Magie’s life was her ability to find ways to fight back against widely held ideals in a time when women were treated as lesser to men. Magie grew up in a household of abolitionists which engrained in her the need to fight for what she believed in. This can be seen in The Landlord's Game as she was able to communicate her views on large industrialists like John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie. While it may have been nearly impossible to fight these incredibly wealthy men openly, Magie’s the Landlord’s Game created a platform into which her ideals could be shared without having to worry about being attacked by industrialists. Magie’s board game allowed her the ability to illustrate her perspective on the current system of idle landlords and show how the monopoly system was failing average Americans.

Magie should be remembered for being a progressive feminist in a time in which it was incredibly difficult for women to gain equality. Instead of protesting and following other forms of change, Magie innovated and found new lanes into which she could effect change. This highlights just how innovative Magie truly was and how her lack of memorization should change and she should be viewed in the highest regard, not just with female innovators but innovators as a whole. Additionally, Magie's legacy has started to grow more for her underrated participation in the invention of the game Monopoly. The roots of the Monopoly game lie in the details of Magie's Landlord's Game. Three decades after Landlord's Game was invented (in 1904), Parker Brothers published a modified version, known as Monopoly. Magie's ideas had already been very well established. There are some key aspects of Magie's intention of her work that got lost in translation. Originally, the game was made to protest against monopolists, not to praise them. When Monopoly came about, Parker Brothers and a man named Charles Darrow, told their version that he had invented the game in his basement. Magie spoke out against them and reported that she had made a mere $500 from her invention and received none of the credit for Monopoly, which was undeniably similar to her Landlord's Game. What Magie wished Monopoly had taught people about was the single tax theory. The reason behind her games was to help educate people too. She said if players had known what they were learning about, her work would "not have been in vain".

In the feminist themed Monopoly version, Ms. Monopoly, the properties are replaced with inventions by women. Mary Pilon, author of The Monopolists (a book about Magie and her board game) criticized Ms. Monopoly for not including Magie's Landlord's Game even though it's acknowledged as the prototype to Monopoly, meaning that Monopoly itself was invented by a woman.

Edit:

Impact on Monopoly

Lizzie Magie's Landlord's was becoming increasingly popular around the North East. College students at Harvard, Columbia, and University if Pennsylvania, left-leaning middle class families, and Quakers were all playing her Board game. As the game increased in popularity, a man name Charles Darrow also played the game. He kept the core rules and ideas of Lizzie Magie's game while changing a few details to make it easier to the general public. Furthermore, Charles Darrow and the Parker Bothers focuses on the Monopoly building aspect of the game and disregarded the Prosperity set of directions.

Three decades after Landlord's Game was invented (in 1904), Parker Brothers published a modified version, known as Monopoly. Charles Darrow claimed the idea as his own, stating that he invented the game in his basement. Magie spoke out against them and reported that she had made a mere $500 from her invention and received none of the credit for Monopoly.

Charles Darrow was known as the inventor of Monopoly until Ralph Anspach discovered Magie's patents and her relation to the Monopoly game while fighting a legal battle with the Parker Bothers because of his Anti-Monopply game. Subsequently, her invention of the Landlord's Game has been given more attention and research. Despite the fact that Charles Darrow and the Parker Brothers capitalized and were accredited for her idea, she posthumously received credit for one of the most popular board games to ever hit the market.

Legacy

After her death, Lizzie Magie impacted many aspects of American culture and life. First and foremost, she helped to popularize the circular board game. Most board games at the time were linear; a circular board game that concentrated on interacting both socially and in the game with the opponents was a novel idea. Her board game not only laid the foundation and inspiration for Monopoly, the most perennially famous game in the United States but it also provided entertainment that taught about Georgist principles and the values in spreading wealth along with the harmfulness of monopolies (this tenant of her game was lost in the Charles Darrow version of Monopoly).

She also left lasting affects fighting for women's rights and abolition whether it be through educating others about these concepts, inventing board games at a time when women held less than 1% of the patents, or publishing political material in newspapers to speak out against the oppression of women and Black communities in the Untied States.