User:Mcapdevila/Pirireis-II

The surviving fragment of the second world map drawn by Ottoman Admiral Piri Reis in 1528 is the northwest corner of a large map, showing the newly discovered coasts of Central America, Florida , the northeast corner of Canada , and Greenland. Piri Reis of Suleiman the Magnificent ', this piece of a map given to him by Piri Reis 1513 ' as ta draw the first map of the world with still Topkapi Palace 'is located in n.

Second World Map of Piri Reis (1528)

The piece of the map, drawn in 8 colors on gazelle skin, measures 69 x 70 cm. This map, like the first map, was made in the portolan style by drawing four large and two small compass roses. One of the margin notes states that this map was made by Piri Reis. Other margin notes contain various explanatory information.

Appearing in the south of Greenland, Newfoundland in Canada is indicated by the names "Terra Nova", Labrador as "Baccalao" and it is written that these places were discovered by the Portuguese. Terra Nova was discovered by Carl Real of Portugal in 1500 and by his brother Miguel Real in Labrador in 1501. A note at the level of Central America mentions an explorer who aims to reach the ocean by going over land. This is probably(?) Portuguese Balboa, which reached the Pacific Ocean by land in 1513.

In Piri Reis' second world map, islands and coasts are drawn based on recent discoveries. San Juan Batisto, shown in Puerto Rico on the first map , is shown in Florida on this map. Bahama, Antilles , Haiti and Cuba are drawn quite accurately. The peninsulas of Yucatan and Honduras, discovered in 1517 and 1519 , are also present. Cuba is called "Isla di vana". Tropic of Cancer not in the first mapthis is plotted (with some latitude incorrectly) on the map. Piri Reis called it "Günuzadısı" and wrote next to it, "This line indicates where the day gets long".

Piri Reis leaves the unexplored places white on this map and states in his side notes that he did not draw them because they are unknown. The second, larger and more sophisticated than the first map, is technically the most advanced of its time.

general

PIRI REIS' REGIONAL MAP DATED 1528 Famous Turkish sailor and scientist Piri Reis (1465 – 1554) has been a prisoner of two great passions since the first days of 1481, when he sailed when he was only 16 years old: maritime and research. Because of these passions, he made observations, scientific researches and studies on the Sea of ​​Islands and the Mediterranean for years. Since he was a good scientist, he was also interested in the Great Geographical Discoveries during these studies and tried to announce the developments in this field to the top managers of the Ottoman Empire. His first work on discoveries was the World Map he made in 1513. This map shows all known lands and seas of the world during those years, including South and Central America. However, the entire map has not survived. The surviving portion of the map,is the south-west part, which includes about one-sixth of the original map. Other parts of the original map are missing and could not be found. The extant piece is the first study of the Great Geographical Discoveries in the Ottoman Empire.

In the piece at hand, most of the Iberian Peninsula on the European mainland, the West African part on the African mainland, west of the region from today's Morocco-Algeria border to the Ivory Coast, the Asor Islands, the Canary Islands; Antilles and the west coast of South America. While Piri Reis was making the world map, he also continued his studies on the Mediterranean and collected the results he reached in his book called “Marine”. This work, which was brought to its final state in 1526, was presented to the Ottoman Emperor Suleiman the Magnificent in the same year. Bahriye is an economic and social geography book, a geography atlas, which describes the Mediterranean coast and its islands in detail, with written texts and maps. Because of this feature, in the section at the beginning of the book written in the form of poetry,In addition to basic geography and cartography information, information on Great Geographical Discoveries is also included.

After Piri Reis had finished his Bahriye, since there was nothing to write about the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, which was a Turkish lake in those years, did not attract enough attention, he turned his direction completely to the west, to the newly found places. His aim was first to make a map of the region from Istanbul to the Americas with new information, and then to write a book on economic and social geography, similar to Bahriye, on the Americas. The first stage of his purpose was realized with his regional map, which was completed in 1528 and presented to Suleiman the Magnificent. He also started, perhaps finished, the writing of his book on America, but because of his bad luck, he was killed by beheading at the command of Kanuni, so this book was lost in the dark pages of history.GENERAL INFORMATION ON PIRI REIS' MAP WITH THE DATED 1528 After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, Topkapi Palace was converted into a museum on April 3, 1924, and the libraries under various names in the palace were combined into a single library under the name "Topkapi Sayari Library". The map of Piri Reis, dated 1513, was found in 1929 while the records of the works in the Topkapı Palace Museum Library were carried out. When the map was found, the interest of the world scientific community was gathered on this map, due to the fact that it is one of the oldest maps of America and that a map made by Christopher Columbus was among the source documents used in its production. Naturally, in the Topkapı Palace Museum, in order to reveal other parts of this important map,Other studies have been done. Other pieces of the map dated 1513 were not found during these researches, but another piece of map of the Americas was unearthed by the Museum Director Tahsin Öz. This map, which is registered today in the Palace Library, number H 1824 (Treasure-1824), was not the whole of the original map, but a quarter of the original map that formed the north-west side. However, by great luck, the signature showing that the map was made by Piri Reis was on the piece of the map that was found. Drawn and painted in ten different colors, the map is one of the best examples of Turkish nautical charts (portolones) and was drawn on gazelle skin. On the map piece, which is the biggest feature of nautical charts,There are four large and 2 wind roses with thirty-two sections and two small wind roses formed by rhythm lines. Drawn to the north of the map and to the center of the weather vane circle are two large weather vane halves, the other parts of which remained in the broken part of the map. All the great windmills are oriented to the north, each drawn with great care. Of these, 9.4 cm, drawn between the scale charts of the map. The large weather vane still retains its beauty, although its paint has shed a bit. Based on the general structure of the wind roses placed in the portlands, it can be easily said that there are 17 wind roses in total, one of which is in the center. The fragment of the map in hand shows that the original map was placed in an ornate frame drawn outside the inscription.On the outside of the frame is a spirally ornamented column of dark green leaves. Leaf drawings, carefully engraved on the spiral column, are chosen only when viewed very carefully, due to the very dark green color. In the middle of the frame is a second ornament of verbena and leaves. On the inside of the second ornament, there is zencirek made with geometric patterns. The inner edge of the chain is the inscription of the map. The map frame and the ornaments in the frame are a good example of Turkish decorative art. Colors such as orange, light gray, dark blue, black, violet and magenta, red, dark green, light khaki and golden yellow were used in the decoration and in the drawing of the map. Naturally, there is an ornate frame on the northern and western edges of the map piece at hand.Since the eastern and southern edges have been detached from the original map, there are no borders here. The piece of map in hand is one quarter of the original map and its size is 69.28 X 70.20 centimeters, including its frame. In this case, the size of the original map, including its frame, becomes 138.56 X 140.40 cm. The view of the torn lower edge of the map piece, from left to right, is as follows: 4.35 centimeters of skin was left blank, no drawings were made, it was only painted orange. This undrawn section is followed by a 1.25 cm wide spirally decorated column. After the spiral column is the middle column consisting of vervain flowers and leaves 3.53 centimeters wide, followed by the 1.23 centimeters wide Zencirek. Accordingly, in the map fragment,The length of the lower edge of the area on which the map is drawn is 58.92 centimeters.

The view of the torn upper edge of the map piece is as follows, from top to bottom: The width of the part of the skin, which was not drawn but was painted orange and left blank, is 1.95 centimeters. Next comes the 1.25-centimeter spiral column ornament, 3.53-centimeter-wide floral ornament, and 1.23-centimeter-wide chevron. Accordingly, the length of the right edge of the area on which the map was drawn is 62.24 centimeters. In this case, the actual size of the map, excluding the frame, is 124.48 x 117.84 centimeters. Unlike Piri Reis' map of 1513, he also drew and showed the tropics on his map of 1528. Evidence of this is shown on the fragment of the map by drawing two lines of the Tropic of Cancer 2.8 centimeters apart.In addition, coves and gulfs are not indicated by crescent-shaped lines, but by indented lines reflecting the actual state of the coasts. Stony, rocky places and shallows are marked separately and easily with special map markers. The imaginary islands drawn on the map dated 1513 are not found on the map dated 1528. Informative texts on the map are much less than on the map dated 1513. Some of these writings are quite obsolete and difficult to read. With all these features, Piri Reis' map of 1528 constitutes one of the best examples of the nautical charts (portolas) made in those days. prof. Svat Soucek aptly describes this map as a "masterpiece of cartography". The map was arranged and drawn more carefully than the map dated 1513,The drawing of a frame on the edge of the frame and the decorations on the frame give the impression that this map of Piri Reis was prepared with the interest of Grand Vizier Damat İbrahim Pasha, as in the Navy, and was presented to Suleiman the Magnificent through him and put in the Palace Library.

COVERING AREA OF THE MAP DATED 1528 AND THE QUALITY OF THE MAP Researchers have claimed for years that Piri Reis' map of 1528 was made as a world map like his map of 1513, but they did not explain on what basis they made their assessments. It was first argued by Kemal Özdemir in 1992 that Piri Reis' map of 1528 was not a world map, but was drawn to show a certain geographical area. Kemal Özdemir repeated this view in his book Piri Reis, published in 1994. According to Kemal Özdemir; “In our opinion, this map is not a world map. The area in the lost portions most likely includes Antarctica on the lower margin (south) and Istanbul on the right margin (east). 6 wind roses seen on the map,When 17 portolans are completed in accordance with the standard drawing principles, a unique map showing the above areas is encountered. In line with this definition, the original map is 132 x 138 cm. is in size. The fragment we have today is almost a quarter of the original map. Piri Reis wanted to show the Ottoman capital and the New World together on a large-scale map. Another aim is that he wanted to update the information on the map he presented to the palace in 1513 in the light of new discoveries and present it to Kanuni. Another possibility is that the Ottoman Palace, which was interested in the discoveries in the Americas, commissioned Piri Reis to draw this map.” It would be beneficial to reconsider and analyze these lines written by Kemal Özdemir with a popular understanding of history. Because the scale of the map,The geographical location of the details on it, compared to the broken piece of the map, really raises doubts that it was not made as a world map. In order to determine to what extent these doubts are justified, a superficial calculation was made, as summarized below; Afterwards, it was tried to verify the results of the superficial calculations with a computerized study. The southern border of the area covered by Piri Reis's map dated 1528. Right next to the eastern torn edge of the map fragment, there is Sao Miguel Island, which is located in the Azores Islands. The longitude of this island is about 25 degrees west. The longitude of the Yucatan Peninsula on the western edge of the map piece adjacent to the epitaph is also approximately 90 degrees west. Subtracting the distance of the Azores from the initial longitude,It is seen that the area covered by the map piece in the east-west direction covers a 65-degree interval between 25 degrees west longitude and 90 degrees west longitude. Luckily, the weather vane at the center of the weather vane circle remained in the piece of the map at hand. Considering the number and distribution of wind roses, it is understood that the original map was torn in the middle in east-west and north-south directions, and the piece of map in hand is one-fourth of the original map. In other words, since the map at hand covers an area of ​​65 degrees of longitude, an area of ​​65 degrees of longitude remains on the original map. Considering this situation, if 65 degrees of longitude between 25 degrees west and 40 degrees east longitudes covered by the lost piece are added to the piece at hand,it turns out that the eastern edge of the original map is about 40 degrees east longitude. This is the first evidence that the original map was drawn as a regional map and not as a world map. Naturally, the investigation of the north-south direction of the area covered by the map was not overlooked in this study. For this purpose, a superficial study has been made by making use of Trinidad Island, the situation of the Tropic of Capricorn and the positions of the islands shown in the north of the map piece: The latitude of the southern coast of Trinidad Island is approximately 10 degrees north. The Tropic of Cancer, on the other hand, is the sky parallel located at an elevation of 23 degrees 26 minutes north of the equator, and its opposite corresponds to 23 degrees 26 minutes north latitude, parallel to the earth. in the far north,It will be remembered that there are two pieces of land, one south of Groenland, where it is known, and the other, doubtful and thought to be Iceland. The northern region of the portion of Groenland shown on the map corresponds to approximately 61 degrees north latitude. In this case, even if the other drawing is not Iceland, it has been determined that the upper inscription of the map extends to approximately 65 degrees north latitude by making proportions. Considering the positions of the three details discussed, it is seen that the map piece in hand extends in a 55-degree latitude range from 10 degrees north latitude to 65 degrees south latitude. In this case, it is understood that the original piece of the map, which has been broken and lost, covers the area between 10 degrees north latitude and 45 degrees south latitude. That is, the southern limit of the area covered by the map,It extends to today's Sarmiento city of Argentina and Couhaique city of Chile.

When this result was reached, a second and main study was carried out with the help of computer. Mapping Eng., who completed the work with his knowledge and skills according to the basic principles given. Yb. Below are the principles that Selman Çobanoğlu has based on in numerical practice. THE SECOND MAP OF PİRİ REİS AND ITS DIGITAL MAP APPLICATION 1. THE COLOR MAP SHOWING THE SECOND MAP OF PİRİ REİS WAS FIRST ENLARGED IN BLACK/WHITE BY COPYING TO A3 SIZE. 2. DIAMAT IS PLACED ON THE ENLARGED MAP AND THE CENTERS OF THE WIND ROSE ARE DRAWN ON THE DIAMAT, WITH LAND LINES, INTERNAL INSTRUCTIONS, CORNERS OF THE CRAB AND THE TROPHY. 3. DIAMAT, RASTER SCANNED, THEN AUTOMATICALLY CONVERTED TO VECTOR. (ARC/INFO PROGRAM) 4. WORLD COORDINATES (GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES) ARE LATER ENTERED IN THIS FILE CONVERTED TO VECTOR.WHEN ENTERING THE COORDINATE, THE EXPLANATIONS GIVEN TOGETHER WITH THE PİRİ REIS MAP ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION. THE COORDINATE GIVEN 4 POINTS WERE DETERMINED THROUGH ATLAS AND WAS COORDINATED IN THE COMPUTER ENVIRONMENT AT THE RANK OF MINUTES. THE 4 POINTS WITH COORDINATE AND THEIR COORDINATE ARE AS FOLLOWS (ANNEX-A)  HAITI-PORT AU PRINCE: 18O36' K; 72O22'B  FLORIDA-FLORIDA CITY : 25O17' N; 80O24'B  AVALON Y.AD. RACE NOSE (NEW FOUNDLAND): 46O40' N;53O20'B  FARVEL BR.-GREENLAND: 59O52' N;43O57'B 5. CAREFULLY BE CAREFUL THAT DEFINED POINTS ARE dispersed all over the map, while coordinating THE NATURAL DIFFERENCES ON TODAY'S MAPS HAVE BEEN FORCED TO A SELECTION IN THIS WAY. POINT SELECTION WAS EASY IN THE ANTILES AND FLORIDA REGION, BUT THE ESTIMATED POINTS WERE DETERMINED IN NEW FOUNDLAND AND GREENLAND.6. AFTER THAT, THE PİRİ REIS MAP WITH GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES WAS TURNED INTO THE MERCATOR PROJECTION, AS THE PROJECTION CENTER MERIDIAN, THE GREENWICH MERIDIAN, AND THE WORLD HAS THE SAME PROJECTION. The result reached in the study conducted according to the aforementioned principles, namely the area covered by Piri Reis' map dated 1528, gave a result as seen in the drawing below: It has once again revealed that it was drawn and that it was made to draw the attention of the Empire to the Great Geographical Discoveries.7 8 Continuing the studies on Piri Reis' map dated 1518 and revealing new facts will not only serve to illuminate the details of Piri Reis' valuable work; it will also shed light on the history of Turkish nautical cartography. For this reason, endless gratitude to all those who contributed to the Naval Forces Command, which printed and published a copy of Piri Reis' map dated 1528, which is a masterpiece of cartography and once again reflects his value as a scientist. oneEndless gratitude to everyone who contributed to the Naval Forces Command, which printed and published a copy of Piri Reis' map of 1528, which is a masterpiece of cartography and once again reflects his value as a scientist. oneEndless gratitude to everyone who contributed to the Naval Forces Command, which printed and published a copy of Piri Reis' map of 1528, which is a masterpiece of cartography and once again reflects his value as a scientist. one

references The Oldest Map of America Drawn by Piri Reis Istanbul Naval Museum Official Website ULKEKUL Cevat, “XVI. Piri Reis with the Life and Works of a 21st Century Marine Scientist”. The Map of America by Piri Reis