User:Mclash2547/Molecular ecology

ORIGINAL Outbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness in the offspring of distantly related parents. The decline in fitness due to outbreeding is attributed to a breakup of coadapted gene complexes or favorable epistatic relationships. Unlike inbreeding depression, outbreeding depression places emphasis on interactions between loci rather than within them.

NEW Outbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness in the offspring of distantly related parents. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01662.x The decline in fitness due to outbreeding is attributed to a breakup of coadapted gene complexes or favorable epistatic relationships.[48] Unlike inbreeding depression, outbreeding depression emphasizes interactions between loci rather than within them.[48] Inbreeding and outbreeding depression can occur at the same time. Risks of outbreeding depression increase with increased distance between populations. The risk of outbreeding depression during genetic rescue often limits the ability to increase a small or fragmented gene pool's genetic diversity. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01662.x	The spawn of an intermediate of two or more adapted traits can render the adaptation less effective than either of the parental adaptations. doi:10.2307/3796784 Risks of outbreeding depression increase with increased distance between populations. If outbreeding is limited and the population is large enough selective pressure acting on each generation may be able to restore fitness. Selection acts on out bred generations using increased diversity to adapt to the environment. This may result in greater fitness among offspring than the original parental type. Three main mechanisms influence outbreeding depression; genetic drift/bottlenecking, differentiation of adaptations, and set chromosomal dissimilarities resulting in sterile offspring. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99234.x If outbreeding is limited and the population is large enough, selective pressure acting on each generation may be able to restore fitness. However, the population is likely to experience a multi-generational decline of overall fitness as selection for traits takes multiple generations.ISBN 0521702712 Selection acts on outbred generations using increased diversity to adapt to the environment. This may result in greater fitness among offspring than the original parental type.

ORIGINAL Because of conservation units, populations and species that have high or differing levels of genetic variation are can be distinguished in order to manage each individually, which can ultimately differ based on a number of factors. In one instance, Atlantic salmon located within the Bay of Fundy were given evolutionary significance based on the differences in genetic sequences found among different populations. This detection of evolutionary significance can allow each population of salmon to receive customized conservation and protection based on their adaptive uniqueness in response to geographic location.

NEW Because of conservation units, populations and species that have high or differing levels of genetic variation are can be distinguished in order to manage each individually, which can ultimately differ based on a number of factors. In one instance, Atlantic salmon located within the Bay of Fundy were given evolutionary significance based on the differences in genetic sequences found among different populations. This detection of evolutionary significance can allow each population of salmon to receive customized conservation and protection based on their adaptive uniqueness in response to geographic location. Phylogenies are the evolutionary history of an organism, also known as Phylogeography. A Phylogenetic tree is a tree that shows evolutionary relationships between different species based on similarities/differences among genetic or physical traits. Community ecology is based on knowledge of evolutionary relationships among coexisting species. Phylogenies embrace aspects of both time (evolutionary relationships) and space (geographic distribution). Typically phylogeny trees include tips, which represent groups of descendent species, and nodes, which represent the common ancestors of those descendants. If two descendants split from the same node, they are called Sister groups. They also may include an outgroup, a species outside of the group of interest. The trees depict clades, which is a group of organisms that include an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor. The maximum parsimony tree is the simplest tree that has the minimum number of steps possible. Community ecology emerged from natural history and population biology. Not only does it include the study of the interactions between species, but it also focuses on ecological concepts such as mutualism, predation, and competition within communities. It is used to explicate properties such as diversity, dominance, and composition of a community. There are three primary approaches to integrating phylogenetic information into studies of community organizations. The first approach focuses on examining the phylogenetic structure of community assemblages. The second approach focuses on exploring the phylogenetic basis of community niche structures. The final way zones in on adding a community context to studies of trait evolution and biogeography.