User:Mcnultym/sandbox

= Engineering for the Public Good: The Intersection of Public Service and Engineering =

Engineers Without Borders Introduction
Our group's primary goal is to explore and document the profound impact of Engineers Without Borders (EWB) on global sustainable development. We aim to highlight how EWB's diverse projects — from improving essential infrastructure like water and sanitation systems to implementing sustainable agricultural practices — not only enhance the quality of life but also promote long-term sustainability in underserved communities around the world. This wiki entry will discuss the various aspects of EWB’s work, emphasizing their commitment to education, community empowerment, and innovative technology applications in healthcare and disaster response.

Engineers Without Borders' international sustainability projects make a huge impact on people's lives. These projects include improving water supply, structures, sanitation, agriculture, civil works, and energy, which are all essential to increasing quality of life. These were all part of Engineers Without Borders 380 projects that took place in 29 countries. Overall a total of 4370 volunteers worked to better the lives of over 900,000 people!(EWB-USA)

Volunteer work can be extremely rewarding, especially when it goes hand in hand with sustainability. Georgia Tech students who wish to begin serving their community can do so through a variety of organizations, including Urban Agriculture, which provides volunteer opportunities within a community garden, and ECO, which works to educate engineers on how to work, research, and develop sustainably.

One section of the Engineers Without Borders’ mission focuses on healthcare projects aimed at providing essential preventative and curative care to communities in need. Preventative care, as the name suggests, encompasses any measures aimed at halting the onset or progression of illnesses. Within Engineers Without Borders, the emphasis is on ensuring access to proper sanitation and clean water. Although these services may not resemble traditional healthcare provisions, clean water serves as a critical preventive measure, shielding individuals from waterborne illnesses and dehydration. Conversely, curative care aims to aid individuals in their recovery journey, with the ultimate goal of achieving a complete cure. While Engineers Without Borders' interventions may not mirror those of a traditional hospital setting, the teams provide essential medications, intravenous fluids, and build the necessary infrastructure offering hope and potential full recovery to those in need.

Moreover, Engineers Without Borders (EWB) puts a big emphasis on education as a key part of their mission, understanding how powerful it can be in promoting sustainable growth. They focus on teaching local communities the skills and know-how needed to keep up and improve the infrastructure projects that volunteers start. This approach helps make sure these projects, like water systems, sanitation, and energy solutions, keep working well and lasting long.

EWB organizes training on how to maintain these systems, as well as workshops on sustainable farming and seminars to spread knowledge about health and cleanliness. By giving locals these essential skills, EWB helps them become more self-reliant and encourages them to take charge of their development. Their educational work aims to leave a lasting impact, ensuring that the benefits of their projects continue to make life better long after they're first set up.

In addition to Engineers Without Borders, Health Tech Without Borders also provides community relief on the technological side, specifically through digital services such as through the form of analyzing and cleaning data, telehealth consultations, digital tools for clinicians, and AI chatbots. Through these digital platforms, these services have an impact on public health and psychological relief. During sudden humanitarian emergencies, the need for Health Tech Without Borders becomes crucial as the demand for healthcare professionals increases while hospital availability decreases. HTWB offers a way to help provide psychological support along with providing digital tools for healthcare professionals to use.

In disaster situations, Engineers Without Borders offers crucial aid by sending in skilled engineers to assess damage and fix critical infrastructure. They repair water, sanitation, and power systems, swiftly ensuring that communities regain stability. EWB also constructs sturdy shelters and provides temporary housing for displaced individuals. Moreover, the organization focuses on empowering communities through education and training, fostering long-term resilience against future disasters. With their expertise and dedication, EWB brings hope and essential support to those in need during challenging times.

While the wiki entries of Engineers Without Borders' efforts and their impact might not capture every nuance of their expansive work, highlighting these initiatives serves not only to acknowledge the significant contributions of volunteers and the organization but also to inspire further engagement and support from the global community. The information provided will play a critical role in understanding sustainable development projects in improving lives and empowering communities, even though some aspects of these complex initiatives may be less visible or harder to quantify.

Articles
Annual Review of Rescue Economics Sustainability and Development  Edward B. Barbier’s article “Annual Review of Rescue Economics Sustainability and Development” published by Annual Reviews discusses the effect of sustainable development on per capita welfare. Barbier states “The minimum condition is ensuring that any depletion of natural capital is compensated by reproducible and human capital, so that the value of the aggregate stock does not decrease. Meeting this condition is problematic if natural capital includes ecosystems, which not only provide unique goods and services but are also prone to irreversible conversion and abrupt collapse.Net domestic product accounting rules for the depreciation of the total stock of reproducible, human, and natural capital of an economy can be extended to incorporate the direct benefits provided by ecosystems. They also can integrate any capital revaluation that occurs through ecosystem restoration and conversion and the threat of irreversible collapse.”(Barbier 2016). While striving for global health and social sustainability should be at the forefront of everyone's minds, it is also important to remember any adverse effects society's actions can have.

Sustainability  Joe F Bozeman's article published by McGraw Hill focuses on the importance of sustainability within the human lifestyle. The author acknowledges sustainability as a “harmonious balance of human needs with resource consumption over an extended period of time”(Bozeman 2020), and how understanding the combination of ecosystem services, natural capital, and the pillars of sustainability (society, economy, and environment) is essential to achieving social sustainability.

Bozeman also discusses the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, also known as the 17 SDGs. These goals make up the blueprint for a sustainable future that the United Nations hopes to have cultivated by 2030. These goals are no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry innovation and infrastructure, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace justice and strong institutions, and partnerships for the goals.

Platforms and Programs
International Community Program Engineers Without Borders’ Internal Community Program is currently working on over 370 improvement projects across 40 counties. The focus of these programs is not only to engineer improvements to infrastructures but to provide lasting support and teach valuable and sustainable life skills. As EWB says, “Our approach to development is based on more than blueprints and measurements; it’s based on real relationships and five-year partnerships with communities. We do more than build latrines for communities – we equip them to build and maintain latrines themselves.”(EWB 2015). They focus these projects on improving water supply, civil works, sanitation, agriculture, energy, and structures. Each of these areas is essential to increasing the quality of life around the globe. All of these prophets were founded by a community member reaching out to EWB-USA through a local chapter to begin problem identification and problem-solving.

University Student Program Through Engineers Without Borders Engineers Without Borders also offers opportunities for university students to get involved! There are already many Engineers Without Borders university chapters (including one at Georgia Tech)! Their website says: “Participation in chapter activities is the main way that EWB USA volunteers complete project work. If you are a student at a university in the United States, your university may already have a chapter with us.”(EWB 2015). If there is not a chapter within your college, you are encouraged to join a local professional chapter or even a remote one for even more volunteer opportunities. They use a platform called Volunteer Village that allows users to connect with other chapter members, begin a chapter, apply for other volunteer opportunities, and share their information with possible peers and mentors.

Social and Cultural Involvements
Urban Agriculture Urban Agriculture helps care for The Kendeda Building’s rooftop garden! The Kendeda building is net-positive energy meaning it produces more energy than it consumes and the garden is a component of this as it is watered by recycled gray water from the building(Living Building). Those involved in urban agriculture help the Kendeda staff plan, plant, and maintain the rooftop garden. This includes general garden care such as watering, weeding, and fertilization as well as more complex tasks such as researching which plants will thrive in the local climate and planning an efficient layout. The beekeeping club also works out of this garden, which means the members of Urban Ag must also factor the bees into the layout and plant selection. This organization also helps other students contribute to the community by hosting events and organizing other clubs and organizations to help with the garden(Edelstein 2019).

ECO One way to get involved with community service, sustainability, and engineering on the Georgia Tech campus is through ECO. Their purpose is to “Foster environmental, physical, and mental wellness within the School of Architecture design ecosystem.”(Georgia Institute of Technology 2024). This is done through improving as well as creating recycling habits on the campus, specifically within the College of Design and other potentially wasteful environments. They also work to educate students about sustainability.

They are currently working on helping students in maker spaces (the studio, woodshop, workshop, and digital fabrication laboratory) find alternative materials to use that are more environmentally friendly. Other educational efforts include creating presentations about green design certification, design tools, materials, and other environmental trends within engineering industries. Overall, they make a huge effort to connect to the Georgia Tech community and beyond to help spread knowledge about sustainable engineering.

Glossary
Global Health According to Rutgers, global health is “an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Global health emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration; and is a synthesis of population-based prevention with individual-level clinical care”.(Rutgers 2022)

Global health is essential to our community even beyond a universal hope for wellness across the globe. It also protects everyone from any spreading disease. Those experiencing poverty have an increased likelihood of contracting or developing diseases, which can be spread across the world.(AAFP) These can develop through exposure to the illness itself, such as COVID, or can be developed through a poor lifestyle such as lack of exercise or proper nutrition. Improvements to lifestyles in one area can have a huge impact on the rest of the globe, thus proving the need for Global Health studies.

Social Sustainability Science Direct defines social sustainability as “specifying and managing both positive and negative impacts of systems, processes, organizations, and activities on people and social life”. There is no doubt that technological improvements as early as those that took place during the Industrial Revolution have greatly improved lives around the world, but they haven't been as beneficial to the environment or general well-being. Technological improvements can create more efficient ways to produce goods and perform services, while also creating jobs and using less material. However, there are some cases where it makes some careers obsolete, pollutes the environment, or increases energy consumption.(Scispace)

This is just one example of what social stability analyzes. It is also to think about the consequences of societal actions and social sustainability when dealing with matters such as healthcare, education, poverty, childcare, and overall social equity. (KnowESG)

Articles
The Role of Engineering Without Borders in Promoting Community Based Projects  Engineering Without Borders (EWB) significantly contributes to sustainable development by implementing community-based projects worldwide. This organization mobilizes engineers to develop solutions specifically designed to meet the local needs, focusing on critical areas such as infrastructure development, water supply, and energy sustainability. The essence of EWB's approach lies in its collaborative efforts with local stakeholders, which not only facilitates project execution but also ensures knowledge transfer and builds local capacity. This strategic collaboration fosters long-term project viability and community empowerment.

Moreover, EWB's projects are grounded in the principles of sustainability and active community participation, making them exemplary models of how engineering can facilitate transformative change in underserved regions. By aligning their objectives with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, EWB not only addresses immediate infrastructure needs but also contributes to broader objectives such as poverty alleviation, improved health, and environmental sustainability. The organization's efforts demonstrate the vital role that engineering and thoughtful collaboration play in advancing global development initiatives.

Educational Initiatives in Engineering  In response to global engineering challenges, educational initiatives have emerged to prepare engineering students with the necessary skills and knowledge. Programs focus on critical thinking, ethical considerations, and the application of technology in diverse environments. Courses are increasingly interdisciplinary, incorporating elements from global health, environmental science, and public policy. These programs aim to cultivate a new generation of engineers equipped to tackle complex problems with innovative, sustainable solutions, emphasizing the importance of global perspective and responsibility in engineering education.

These educational frameworks are designed not only to teach technical skills but also to develop a holistic understanding of how engineering impacts societal and environmental issues. By integrating case studies and real-world problem-solving exercises into the curriculum, these programs encourage students to consider the wider consequences of engineering decisions. This educational approach ensures that future engineers will be prepared not only to succeed in their careers but also to lead efforts in making the world a safer, more sustainable place.

Platforms and Programs
Department of Education - STEM and Engineering Sectors

The U.S. Department of Education's recent initiative to enhance STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education represents a strategic effort to align educational outcomes with the demands of the modern workforce. By improving curriculum standards, this initiative ensures that educational content is not only current but also forward-thinking, preparing students to tackle the challenges of tomorrow. Enhanced curricula are being developed to emphasize problem-solving, analytical skills, and the practical application of theoretical knowledge.

A critical component of this initiative is the professional development of teachers. By providing educators with updated training and resources, the initiative aims to elevate the quality of instruction and engagement in STEM fields. Teachers are equipped with innovative teaching tools and methods that can inspire students and spark an interest in STEM from an early age.

Moreover, the initiative actively fosters partnerships between educational institutions and the private sector. These collaborations are crucial as they open up opportunities for students to engage in internships and cooperative education programs, offering them a glimpse into real-world applications of their studies. Such experiences are invaluable, as they enhance learning by connecting classroom knowledge with practical industry challenges.

Global Engineering Education Exchange (Global E3) The Global Engineering Education Exchange (Global E3) is an international consortium that enables engineering students to study abroad and gain technical experience in an international setting. By participating in Global E3, students enrich their education with global perspectives, preparing them to work effectively in today’s interconnected world. The program partners with universities across continents to provide diverse educational opportunities, emphasizing the development of both engineering expertise and cultural competence.

These initiative and efforts in engaging more and more students would serve as a key platform for students to dream, grow, and pursue their visions and ideas along the STEM sectors, which sometimes may be a challenging field to approach without any support.



Social and Cultural Involvements
Volunteering with Local EWB Chapters Volunteering with local chapters of Engineers Without Borders (EWB) presents a unique opportunity for individuals to actively participate in engineering projects that have a direct, positive impact on communities. These projects typically involve designing and implementing practical solutions to address local challenges such as water purification, sanitation, and infrastructure development. For volunteers, this means not just contributing to significant community development but also gaining hands-on experience in applying engineering principles in real-world settings. The diverse roles available within EWB, ranging from technical design to project management and community liaison, allow volunteers to utilize their specific skills while also developing new competencies in a dynamic, problem-solving environment.

Moreover, involvement with EWB provides volunteers with a deeper understanding of the complexities of global engineering challenges, particularly those faced by underprivileged communities. This exposure is invaluable for personal and professional growth, fostering a sense of global citizenship and social responsibility. By working closely with community members to understand their needs and co-develop sustainable solutions, volunteers are not only aiding in immediate improvements but are also helping build community capacity for future self-sufficiency.

https://www.youtube.com/embed/fe0frl3kMic?si=nqI5rViOO6eoyzLd

Georgia Tech Center for Teaching and Learning The Georgia Tech Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL) is a pivotal resource hub dedicated to elevating the quality of education offered at the institute. It serves as a support system for faculty and teaching staff, providing a wide array of resources designed to enhance teaching effectiveness and student learning outcomes. Through its offerings of professional development workshops, one-on-one consultations, and teaching grants, the CTL encourages the adoption of innovative teaching methodologies and the integration of cutting-edge technology in the classroom. These initiatives are tailored to empower educators to refine their teaching strategies, engage students more effectively, and achieve higher levels of academic success across various disciplines.



Moreover, the Center's role extends beyond mere instructional support; it fosters a vibrant community of educators committed to the principles of educational excellence and continuous improvement. By facilitating collaborations and discussions among faculty, the CTL helps to disseminate best practices and innovative teaching techniques throughout the campus. This collaborative environment not only enriches the teaching culture at Georgia Tech but also ensures the institution remains at the forefront of STEM education.

Glossary
Community-Based Engineering Community-Based Engineering is an approach that focuses on identifying, designing, and implementing engineering solutions in direct collaboration with community members. This method ensures that the developed solutions are tailored to the specific needs and challenges of the community, promoting sustainable development and local empowerment. It emphasizes participatory design and considers the social, economic, and cultural contexts of the community. These initiatives are key factor of development where it generates a sustainable society with both of a 'win-and-win' scenario for the community. Sometimes it is challenging to integrate different components, but acknowledging the difference and making appropriate changes properly are an integral step in engineering, which eases the process for a lot of people. Community based engineering initiatives

Appropriate Technology Appropriate Technology is a vital concept in the field of engineering, particularly in the context of sustainable development. It emphasizes the creation and implementation of technological solutions that are not only environmentally friendly and efficient but are also well-suited to the specific needs and circumstances of the communities they serve. This approach takes into account a range of factors, including local environmental conditions, cultural norms, social structures, political landscapes, and economic constraints. By designing technologies that are accessible and affordable, engineers can ensure that these innovations are adopted and sustained by the community, leading to long-term improvements in quality of life.

Furthermore, the principle of Appropriate Technology advocates for the development of solutions that foster equity and inclusiveness. This means prioritizing the needs of all community members, particularly marginalized and underrepresented groups, to ensure that the benefits of technological advancements are distributed fairly. Such technologies often focus on leveraging local resources and capabilities, which helps to reduce dependence on external aid and fosters self-sufficiency.

Articles
Article 1. Focus on Preventative Care Currently, more than 1.5 billion people lack access to basic sanitation necessities, such as private bathrooms, while approximately ten percent of the global population consumes food treated with wastewater (WHO, 1). Engineers Without Borders (EWB) recognizes the critical importance of addressing this issue within their services, understanding that improving sanitation infrastructure not only enhances public health but also triggers a ripple effect of positive outcomes. By providing amenities like bathrooms and clean water pumps, EWB not only mitigates health risks but also creates opportunities for societal advancement. For instance, improved health conditions enable children in the area to attend school regularly, contributing to overall community development. Research suggests that integrating sanitation services and clean water access could potentially reduce childhood deaths to fewer than 2.2 million annually, translating to approximately 6,000 fewer childhood deaths per day (Dalziel). Thus, one of EWB's main projects involves constructing public toilet facilities to address sanitation needs comprehensively. Additionally, EWB focuses on providing local communities with access to clean water. In Uganda, for example, EWB has installed two Dosatron chlorine dosing pumps in a district. These pumps operate independently of electricity, utilizing water flow to dispense clean water, ensuring individuals have access to safe drinking water (EWB USA). Through such efforts, EWB continues to make significant strides in improving public health and well-being in underserved communities worldwide. Article 2. Focus on Curative Care While Engineers Without Borders (EWB) may not operate in the same capacity as organizations like Doctors Without Borders, they recognize the importance of addressing all aspects of community health, including curative care. Despite not being certified medical professionals themselves, EWB plays a crucial role in supporting the provision of curative care by establishing infrastructure conducive to medical interventions. Engineers Without Borders (EWB) and King's College London worked together during the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak, namely in Sierra Leone, to convert an old tuberculosis facility into the first infectious disease clinic in the area. They then helped to create an oxygen factory, which greatly enhanced the conditions under which patients were treated (EWB USA). Moreover, EWB chapters, such as the one at Iowa State University, engage in projects aimed at constructing multifunctional clinics capable of delivering a wide range of medical services, from basic medical advice to maternal healthcare, in communities like those in Ghana (Saeed). By leveraging their engineering expertise, EWB contributes to enhancing access to curative care and renewing healthcare infrastructure in underserved areas, thereby making a tangible impact on community well-being.

Platforms and Programs
Platform 1. Sand Water filtration system The Engineers Without Borders (EWB) service team takes a meticulous approach to selecting water filtration systems that align with the unique environmental conditions and available resources of each community, ensuring sustainable access to clean water. Factors such as geographic location, natural hazards like flooding, and resource availability are carefully considered in determining the most appropriate filtration strategy. For instance, in flood-prone areas, water-catching methods may prove ineffective or impractical. Despite the perceived simplicity of setting up water filter systems, various challenges such as high initial costs, transportation logistics, and long-term sustainability concerns—including the periodic replacement of components—are carefully weighed. To address these challenges effectively, EWB often turns to sand-filtration systems, which utilize a three-layered structure to efficiently remove microorganisms from water. With a straightforward maintenance routine involving the replacement of the top layer every six months to a year, these systems ensure continuous access to clean water in remote regions, thereby promoting public health and well-being (Bowman). Through this thoughtful and strategic approach, EWB maximizes the impact of its efforts in providing essential clean water access to underserved communities worldwide. Platform 2. The SafiChoo Toilet The Engineers Without Borders (EWB) chapter at Georgia Tech, led by Burton and her team, developed the SafiChoo toilet to address sanitation challenges prevalent in Kenyan communities. Previously, communities relied on pit toilets, which posed health and hygiene risks as pits would fill up within a few years, necessitating unsanitary closure and the digging of new pits. This method not only lacked sanitation but also hindered girls' education and daily activities due to the absence of safe and clean bathroom facilities. The SafiChoo toilet introduced a revolutionary solution, featuring a three-layer system to effectively filter waste, thereby improving sanitation and reducing environmental impact (Peake). Recognized for its innovation and impact, the SafiChoo toilet won the Gatech Inventure Prize and was successfully implemented in communities, offering an affordable and sustainable sanitation option. Moreover, by converting waste into bio-renewable energy, the SafiChoo toilet contributes to environmental sustainability and community empowerment. Through initiatives like these, EWB continues its mission to improve public health and well-being in underserved communities worldwide.

Social and Cultural Involvements
Organization 1. Engineering World Health

Individuals interested in making a meaningful contribution to improving the health of underserved communities, while also exploring the intersection of engineering and healthcare, can actively participate in the Engineering World Health organization at Georgia Tech. This organization is dedicated to repurposing and refurbishing discarded medical equipment generously donated by hospitals in the Atlanta Area. Teaming up with the nonprofit organization MedShare, Engineering World Health provides comprehensive professional education and guidance on device testing, repair, and calibration processes (Nguyen). Once the medical equipment is meticulously refurbished, it is then distributed to hospitals in need worldwide, with a particular focus on those in developing countries. Those eager to get involved can attend on-campus workshops and training sessions, where they will learn invaluable skills in device handling and repair techniques. Furthermore, monthly repair sessions held on Saturday mornings offer hands-on opportunities for volunteers to contribute and earn volunteer hours if desired. By actively engaging in these initiatives, individuals not only make a tangible impact on global health but also gain invaluable experience in both engineering and healthcare fields. Organization 2. IEEE - Engineering in Medicine and Biology For students with a keen interest in combining engineering expertise with a focus on health-related applications, the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Chapter at Georgia Tech offers an ideal platform for involvement. While the organization primarily caters to students majoring in or passionate about biomedical engineering, there are no strict restrictions on membership. Engaging opportunities abound within the chapter, with students encouraged to join committees dedicated to various key topics of interest. For instance, one committee focuses on designing medical devices, providing hands-on experience in real-world projects (Durey). Additionally, the organization offers educational workshops and networking sessions for students seeking to develop a solid foundation in relevant concepts before delving into project work. By leveraging the skills gained from this organization, students can contribute to serving needy communities worldwide by devising innovative and practical solutions to pressing healthcare challenges. Through active participation in IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Chapter activities, students can gain valuable experience and make a meaningful impact on global health.

Glossary Terms
Term 1: Hospital Refurbishment Hospital refurbishment is a comprehensive process aimed at updating and modifying internal elements within a healthcare facility. It's crucial to distinguish between refurbishment and restoration, as restoration involves completely rebuilding the hospital, resulting in the replacement of the original structure. Engineers Without Borders (EWB) provides an example of effective hospital refurbishment by repurposing a former tuberculosis clinic to address a broader range of medical needs within the local population, demonstrating an alternative to demolition (EWB USA). Tasks associated with hospital refurbishment may include enhancing technology infrastructure, upgrading to modern medical equipment, and implementing other improvements to optimize patient care and facility functionality. These initiatives contribute to creating more efficient and patient-centered healthcare environments, ultimately enhancing healthcare delivery and outcomes. Hospital refurbishment is an indication of the ongoing commitment to improving healthcare facilities and services, ensuring the provision of quality care to communities in developing countries while maximizing sustainability. Through such efforts, hospitals can adapt to evolving healthcare needs and continue to serve their communities effectively. Term 2: Chlorinated Water During the Ebola outbreak, Engineers Without Borders (EWB) implemented a necessary intervention by establishing a site equipped with chlorinated water for handwashing, ensuring stringent hygiene protocols before entering designated hospital zones (EWB USA). While some may associate chlorinated water with swimming pools, its primary purpose is to effectively eliminate germs, microbes, and bacteria from standing bodies of water, as emphasized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This intervention is particularly imperative in developing countries where preventative measures against infectious diseases are often inadequate. By providing access to chlorinated water for handwashing, EWB aimed to mitigate the spread of Ebola and other infectious diseases within the population and nearby communities. This proactive approach highlights the critical role of chlorinated water in maintaining hygiene standards and preventing the transmission of illnesses, ultimately contributing to public health improvement and sanitation enhancement in underserved regions. Through such initiatives, EWB demonstrates its commitment to fostering safer communities worldwide.

Articles
Health Tech Without Borders: Ukraine Telehealth Relief  Because of the aggression toward Ukraine, Health Tech Without Borders formed the Ukraine Telehealth Relief whose goal was to provide public health and telehealth services. The Ukraine Telehealth Relief is composed of a group of universities, hospitals, clinicians, telehealth, and technology providers. Their services are conducted free of charge to the people of Ukraine. The goals of Ukraine Telehealth Relief are “to help hospitals in Ukraine cope with the influx of patients; to provide psychological support to people affected by the conflict; to accompany Ukrainian refugees who have left their homes and now live in other parts of Europe; [and] provide advisory and expertise to local hospitals” (“Ukraine Telehealth Relief”). A partner of the Ukraine Telehealth Relief is Doctor Online which is a platform available 24/7 with chat, audio, and video consultations with a focus on mental health, preventative care, chronic care, and urgent care. There is also Telehelp Ukraine, a telehealth service created by Stanford medical students and computer science students, and Helping Hand, which provides psychological support digitally.

Role of AI in Mental Health  In England, mental health service referrals are on the rise, but there is currently not enough funding or mental health professionals to meet this demand. An AI chatbot created by Limbic was implemented on mental health service websites, and staggeringly, “the number of referrals from services using the Limbic chatbot rose by 15% during the study’s three-month time period, compared with a 6% rise in referrals for the services that weren’t using it” (Williams). There was a significant increase in referrals for minority groups with referrals “rising 179% among people who identified as nonbinary, 39% for Asian patients, and 40% for Black patients” (Williams). Despite the rise in referrals, the waiting times for the mental health services surprisingly did not increase due to the chatbot collecting information that would have previously been assessed by the clinician. There is also evidence that Limbic made some feel more comfortable expressing their feelings, with nonbinary participants frequently commenting on how Limbic felt non-human.

Platforms and Programs
Microsoft TEALS Program  Microsoft’s TEALS (Philanthropies Technology Education and Learning Support) Program combines community service and technology by allowing volunteers to work with high school students and teachers to teach them more about coding. Volunteers who are well-versed in technical knowledge coach classroom teachers as they begin computer science courses of their own. There are various opportunities in Microsoft’s TEALS Program such as being a volunteer teacher, volunteer teacher’s assistant, or a remote instructor. These volunteers provide schools with the opportunity to teach their students computer science, especially when they do not have access to such technical professionals. TEALS program volunteers are paired with a teacher to teach a CS class for an academic year, and their task is to educate the teacher and the student about foundational principles of computer science. There is a clear need for more teachers to have knowledge in technology as the statistics show that “43% of high schools in the US do not offer a foundational CS course” (“Computer Science”) all the while “67% of all new jobs in STEM are in computing” (“Computer Science”). The TEALS volunteer’s efforts do not go unnoticed as it has been found that “17% of students who learn CS are more likely to attend college and excel at problem-solving” (“Computer Science”).

Health Tech Without Borders [www.htwb.org] Founded in 2022, Health Tech Without Borders is a non-profit organization headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland that aims to utilize technology in order to provide digital health interventions in ways such as online consultations and digital therapeutics. Their objectives are to provide digital psychological support to those in need, help refugees, such as Ukrainian refugees, and help hospitals cope with influx in patients. This is especially important during humanitarian emergencies that can be unexpected and impactful where the demand for healthcare professionals, healthcare services, and medical facilities increases. This is where Health Tech Without Borders comes in with its digital services. In addition to helping those in need of services in regard to health, this platform provides online training for clinicians and provides them with digital health tools. Health Tech Without Borders has contributed to important efforts such as the Ukraine Telehealth Relief, mental health relief digital services, and flood response for Pakistan.

Social and Cultural Involvements
Big Data Big Impact [gt-big-data.github.io/#/] ]The Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing nonprofit organization Big Data Big Impact allows for students to get involved in projects where members with various technical skills collaborate to develop solutions to global challenges and work on projects for companies, creating a social impact. According to the organization’s website, Big Data Big Impact is working toward “developing intelligent and data-driven solutions to global challenges” (Big Data Big Impact @ GT). This allows students to not only improve their software development skills and have networking opportunities but to also contribute to their community by working on projects that matter for other companies. Project roles include analysis, which involves delving into Data Science and developing models showing social impact, platform, which requires API development, and Dataviz, which involves creating visualizations. Events include project demos, tech speakers coming in, and resume reviews. This organization allows for sharpening your programming skills while also making an impact on the community by working on a project for a company through a nonprofit.

Bits of Good  At Georgia Institute of Technology, Bits of Good is an organization that focuses on aiding local nonprofits in order to make a meaningful impact through creating web apps. Bits of Good’s aim is “redefining social good for students who want to make a meaningful impact with their technical background” (“Bits of Good”). In regard to their approach with the non-profits, their Georgia Tech Engage page states that for each non-profit, there is a group assigned comprised of a product manager who oversees 4-6 software developers, an engineering manager, and 1-2 product designers to maximize efficiency and quality of their products (“Bits of Good”).There are various roles in this organization including but not limited to those in marketing, engineering, design, product, operations, brand, and nonprofit partnership, so there is much diversity in Bits of Good. Starting in 2017, Bits of Good has helped 15+ nonprofits which have involved supporting incarcerated mothers and their newborn children and battling Atlanta food insecurity.

Glossary Terms
Artificial Intelligence(AI) 

According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, artificial intelligence is a “technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human intelligence and problem-solving capabilities” (Altamimi). There has been a rise in utilizing AI in order to create AI chatbots to aid in healthcare, and these AI chatbots utilize AI algorithms, “modeled after the decision-making processes of the human brain” (Altamimi), to handle tasks such as routine management of patients or even as far as providing mental health services. What makes artificial intelligence so special is that it is especially useful for processing large quantities of data and detecting patterns in patients. It was found that for healthcare professionals, “nearly 20 percent of them utilized ChatGPT” (Atalmimi), illustrating just how prominent this technology is currently. In addition, hospitals can utilize AI Chatbots for creating or moving appointments, reminding patients to refill prescriptions, providing psychological mental health support, and can help medical researchers find relevant data and literature.

Telehealth  According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “telehealth is broadly defined as the use of communications technologies to provide health care at a distance” (“Telehealth”). There are many different examples of telehealth currently present in clinical practices including virtual visits. Virtual visits between patients and doctors have become more and more common ever since the COVID-19 pandemic with doctors able to provide consultation over digital communication platforms. Telehealth can also refer to devices worn by patients that carry out tasks such as monitoring blood pressure and heart rate. Other examples of telehealth technologies include teleconsultations, remote patient monitoring (RPM), telehomecare, and point-of-care (POC). Teleconsultations allow the doctor to discuss things with patients, and patients are able to relay their symptoms virtually to the doctor with medical information also able to be shared through teleconsultations such as one’s ultrasound. Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is when patients wear or use sensors that digitally send physical information to a doctor. Telehomecare is used for those with chronic conditions, dementia, or people who may risk falling dangerously. Sensors are placed around the house to monitor if the person possibly leaves the house, hurts themselves, or if there are floods, fires, or gas leaks. Point-of-care (POC) medicine “relies on diagnostic devices that can perform at the time and place of patient care, which includes at home, in doctor’s offices and clinics, and in remote areas without electricity or laboratory equipment” (“Telehealth”).

Articles
Critical Partnerships Building Resilience in the Face of Disaster  Engineers without Borders emphasizes the importance of strategic partnerships in building resilience against disasters, highlighting the collaboration between Engineers Without Borders and local communities in need after disasters. It emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving community members AND engineers to effectively respond to disasters and reduce future susceptibility for the same. Through case studies and examples, the article illustrates how these partnerships have enabled communities to enhance their infrastructure, develop emergency response plans, and foster resilience. By using local knowledge and resources along with technical expertise brought in by the program, Engineers Without Borders shows the power that collaboration can have in creating sustainable and lasting solutions for disaster relief.

Improving Building Standards After Hurricane Maria  This article from Engineers Without Borders delves into the aftermath of Hurricane Maria and the response efforts by EWB to improve building standards in Puerto Rico. It highlights the devastating impact of the hurricane on the infrastructure of the island, as well as the urgent need to build long-lasting solutions within the community. Engineers collaborated with these local communities to assess areas of vulnerability to similar disasters in the future, and developed strategies to strengthen buildings against these disasters. Through workshops, training sessions, and partnerships with governmental agencies, improved building codes and construction practices were established. The article showcases the success stories of communities that implemented these measures, emphasizing the importance of community engagement and empowerment in building resilience to threats of disaster. With the priorities of safety and sustainability, Engineers Without Borders hopes to mitigate risks posed by natural disasters and foster hope for a stronger future in Puerto Rico.

Platforms and Programs
Global Disaster Response Platform  The Global Disaster Response platform by Engineers Without Borders coordinates rapid and effective engineering aid in disaster-stricken regions worldwide. Comprising skilled professionals, this initiative swiftly assesses infrastructure damage, devises innovative solutions, and implements critical repairs to restore essential services like water, sanitation, and power. By collaborating with local communities, governments, and humanitarian organizations, Engineers Without Borders ensures a holistic approach to disaster relief, emphasizing sustainable recovery and resilience-building. Through this platform, they demonstrate their commitment to leveraging engineering expertise for humanitarian causes, providing crucial support to communities in their times of greatest need.

Volunteer Village  The collaboration between Engineers Without Borders and RedR UK offers an opportunity for skilled professionals to deploy their expertise in disaster-prone regions globally. Through this platform, volunteers undergo specialized training in disaster response and humanitarian aid, equipping them with the necessary skills to provide effective support in emergency situations. By joining forces with RedR UK, Engineers Without Borders expands its reach and impact, fostering a network of dedicated individuals committed to building resilience and facilitating recovery in communities affected by disasters. This partnership underscores the collective effort to address humanitarian crises and contribute meaningfully to global disaster response efforts.

Social and Cultural Movements
Community Engagement Efforts  Engineers Without Borders explores the significance of community engagement in engineering projects and humanitarian initiatives. It elucidates how involving local communities in decision-making processes fosters trust, promotes sustainability, and enhances project outcomes. Through collaborative efforts, Engineers Without Borders emphasizes the importance of listening to community needs, respecting cultural contexts, and building long-term partnerships. By empowering communities to take ownership of projects, Engineers Without Borders ensures their relevance and effectiveness in addressing local challenges. Ultimately, the article underscores the intrinsic connection between community engagement and successful development endeavors, highlighting its pivotal role in creating positive and lasting impacts.

Design Summit  The Design Summit program by Engineers Without Borders Australia is an intensive workshop series designed to cultivate innovative solutions for global development challenges. Through collaborative sessions, participants, including engineers, designers, and community members, brainstorm and prototype sustainable projects addressing issues such as water access, sanitation, and renewable energy. Facilitated by experienced mentors, the program fosters cross-disciplinary collaboration and cultural sensitivity, empowering participants to create impactful designs grounded in local contexts. By equipping individuals with the skills and knowledge to tackle complex problems, the Design Summit program embodies EWB-Australia's commitment to driving positive change and fostering sustainable development worldwide.

Glossary Terms
Disaster Relief "Disaster relief" embodies the urgent response and aid provided by organizations like Engineers Without Borders in the aftermath of calamities. It encompasses a multifaceted approach, including immediate assistance, infrastructure restoration, and long-term community resilience. Engineers Without Borders, leveraging technical expertise, focuses on rebuilding vital structures, restoring access to clean water, and reviving essential services. Beyond physical reconstruction, their efforts aim to heal communities, offering hope and stability amidst chaos. Disaster relief embodies compassion, solidarity, and the unwavering commitment to alleviate suffering and empower affected populations towards recovery and sustainable development.

Sustainable Recovery "Sustainable recovery" within Engineers Without Borders' disaster relief efforts denotes a holistic approach to rebuilding communities in the aftermath of crises. It encompasses initiatives that not only address immediate needs but also prioritize long-term resilience and environmental stewardship. This approach involves designing and implementing infrastructure solutions that withstand future disasters, integrating renewable energy sources, and promoting local capacity-building. Sustainable recovery fosters self-reliance and empowers communities to mitigate risks, adapt to changing conditions, and thrive in the face of adversity. It represents a commitment to creating lasting positive impacts while preserving natural resources for future generations.