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Risk factors:

2.2 Gender

Gender can also be considered another possible risk factor in regards to juvenile delinquency. The predictors of different types of delinquency vary across females and males for various reasons, but it is evident that males commit more crimes than females. Different predictors of delinquency emerge when analyzing distinct offending types across gender. Overall across all offenses however, females are less likely to be involved in delinquent acts than males. Females not only commit fewer offences but they also commit less serious offences.

Socialization plays a key role in the gap of delinquency because male and female juveniles are often socialized differently. Girls and boys experiences are heavily mediated by gender, which alters their interactions in society. Males and females are very differently controlled and bonded, suggesting that they will not make the same choices and will choose different paths of delinquency. Social bonds are important for both males and females, but different parts of the bond are relevant for each gender. The degree of involvement in social settings is a significant predictor of male’s violent delinquency but is not significant for females. Association with delinquent peers is one of the strongest correlates of juvenile delinquency in males as males tend to be more connected with their peer relationships which in effect, have a stronger influence on their behavior. Association with delinquent peers is one of the strongest correlates of juvenile delinquency and much of the gender gap in  juvenile delinquency can be accounted for by the fact that males are more likely to have friends that support delinquent behavior. Delinquent peers are positively and significantly related to delinquency in males but delinquent peers are negatively and insignificantly related to delinquency for females.

As for females, familial functioning relationships have shown to be more important. Female juveniles tend to be more strongly connected with their families, the disconnect or the lack of socialization between their family members can significantly predict their likelihood of committing crimes as juveniles and even as adults. When the family is disrupted, females are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than males. Boys however, tend to be less connected to their family and are not as affected by these relationships. When it comes to minor offenses such as fighting, vandalism, shoplifting, and the carrying of weapons, differences are limited because they are most common among both males as well as females. Elements of the social bond, social disorganization, routine activities/opportunity, and attitudes towards violence are also equally related to delinquent behavior among both and females.

2.3 Family environment and peer influence:

Original Draft:

Risk Factors:

2.3 Gender

Social Control Differences, Social Control Theory****

Social bonds are important for both males and females, but different parts of the bond are relevant for each gender. The degree of involvement in social settings is a significant predictor of male’s violent delinquency but is not significant for females. The degree of attachment to friends and family is a predictor for female delinquency, but not to male delinquency. It’s suggested through the research that attachment may be more relevant for females and involvement more relevant for males.

Gender Differences

Gender-neutral theories cannot adequately explain female delinquency in the same way as male delinquency as the prevalence of male delinquency is significantly higher.similarities in the predictors of male and female delinquency, differences also emerged.

There is a substantial gap in the level of delinquency between girls and boys across all countries and ethnic groups.” (Junger-Tas,, Ribeaud, Cruyff. 2004)

There are differences between the predictors of nonviolent and violent delinquency amongst boys and girls.

Females are often more strongly connected with their families, the disconnect or the lack of socialization between their family members significantly predicted their likelihood of committing crimes as juveniles and as adults. Boys were not as affected by these relationships as girls, suggesting that they are less connected to their family than their female counterparts. In contrast, juvenile offending was the sole predictor of adult arrests for men. (Rhoades, Kimberly A., Leslie D. Leve, J. M. Eddy and Patricia Chamberlain. 2016. )

...Girls are less delinquent than boys and girls are often controlled in a stronger manner than boys when it comes to their family. Female children are often raised very differently than their male counterparts, which might suggest a reason why females are significantly less likely to commit crimes than males. The author highlights that socialization plays a key role in juvenile delinquency as males and females are often socialized differently. (Svensson, Robert. 2004.)

Social Control Differences, Social control theory

“substantial gap in the level of delinquency between girls and

boys across all countries and ethnic groups.”

Statistically, boys are more delinquent than girls.

Association with delinquent peers is one of the strongest correlates of juvenile delinquency (Warr, 2002). More recently, research has also emphasized the importance of structural properties of friendship networks in the social production of delinquency. much of the gender gap in self-reported juvenile delinquency was accounted for by the fact that males were more likely to have friends that support delinquent behavior. This finding suggests that there may be something unique about male peer groups in facilitating delinquency. Males were more likely than females to report engaging in shoplifting and vandalism, while at the same time more likely than females to report more associations with delinquent 268 YOUTH & SOCIETY / MARCH 2005 peers but less likely to report high internal and external proscriptions against shoplifting and vandalism. delinquent peers were positively and significantly related to delinquency, whereas delinquent peers were negatively and insignificantly related to delinquency for females.

The first conclusion is that females not only commit fewer offences but also commit less serious offences. This concurs with literature, which shows that females are less often involved in aggressive behavior (Archer, 2004; Card, Stucky, Sawalani, & Little, 2008), commit fewer crimes, and are less often involved in serious crimes (Moffit et al., 2001; Owens, 2002). Although there are clear sex differences. It is evident that males commit more crimes than females. However, the rank order of offenses that are committed usually is similar for both sexes. Minor violations such as fighting, vandalism, shoplifting, and the carrying of weapons are most common among both males as well as females, whether they live in Venezuela, Russia, Italy, or the Netherlands. The consistency of these findings across countries shows that sex differences in delinquent behavior hold all over the world. t. First, the relationship between family disruption and delinquency was stronger among females than among males. When the family was disrupted, females were more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than males. The results show that most elements of the social bond, social disorganization, routine activities/opportunity, and attitudes towards violence are equally related to delinquent behavior among males and among females. However, two important concepts (family disruption and deviant group behavior) are more strongly related to delinquency in females, while self-control is more strongly related to delinquency in males. Taken together, these findings suggest that females are more vulnerable to poor external environments and males are more vulnerable to a low score on a personality characteristic, namely self-control Declaration of Conflicting Interest

References:

Daigle, Leah E., Francis T. Cullen and John P. Wright. 2007. "Gender Differences in the Predictors of Juvenile Delinquency: Assessing the Generality-Specificity Debate." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 5(3):254-286.


 * The authors discuss the gender-specificity debate and its implications and its prevalence amongst both boys and girls. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health there proves to be some similarities in the predictors of delinquency amongst males and females but there are also significant differences. Similarly to other authors in the references, the authors of this article argue that gender-neutral theories cannot adequately explain female delinquency in the same way as male delinquency. The authors found that social bonds are important for both males and females, but different parts of the bond are relevant for each gender. This is a common theme across other multiple authors findings. The degree of involvement in social settings is a significant predictor of male’s violent delinquency but is not significant for females. The degree of attachment to friends and family is a predictor for female delinquency, but not to male delinquency. It’s suggested through the research that attachment may be more relevant for females and involvement more relevant for males. These findings are common across the references and should be noted in the Wikipedia article.

Junger-Tas, Josine, Denis Ribeaud and Maarten J. Cruyff. 2004. "Juvenile Delinquency and Gender." European Journal of Criminology 1(3):333-375.


 * Through cross-sectional studies of self-reported juvenile offenders, the authors discuss the differences in juvenile delinquency in regards to gender. The authors consider differences in patterns and behaviors of male and female juvenile offenders. Similarly to the majority of research including the articles listed in the references, female juveniles consistently show considerably lower delinquency rates. Like other authors, the authors of this article try to understand the disparities in male and female juvenile offenders. In contrast to other articles listed in the references, the authors of this study found that there seemed to be no need for radically different explanations of offending in girls and boys. The authors found that family bonding, the bond with teachers, truancy and the role played by the number of friends were similar for both male and female offenders, suggesting that there aren’t different explanations for male and female offending as they both react to these factors similarly. The authors found that bonds with parents varied considerably between boys and girls, similarly to Svensson. However, the authors noted that this was only a part of the gender gap and wasn’t a significant predictor of juvenile delinquency.

Piquero, Nicole L., Angela R. Gover, John M. MacDonald and Alex R. Piquero. 2005. "The Influence of Delinquent Peers on Delinquency: Does Gender Matter?" Youth & Society 36(3):251-275.

-The authors research indicate that gender is one of the strongest correlates of juvenile delinquency. The finidngs in the following article indicate that juveniles are much alike when it comes to the crimes they commit but when it comes to why they commit them, thats when there is a change. Boys are more likely to be involved with more violent behavior but when it comes to minor offenses both male and female juveniles are likely to commit the same crimes. The article shared similar results as Rhoades, Leve, Eddy, and Chamberlain, showing that familial relationships are likely predictors of delinquency for females and peer relationships are a likely predictor for males.

Rhoades, Kimberly A., Leslie D. Leve, J. M. Eddy and Patricia Chamberlain. 2016. "Predicting the Transition from Juvenile Delinquency to Adult Criminality: Gender‐specific Influences in Two High‐risk Samples." Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 26(5):336-351.


 * The authors discuss gender-specific influence in juvenile delinquents and their likelihood of committing adult crimes in their future. Similarly to Svensson, the two main differences between male and female juvenile offenders are how family adversity or disconnected familial relationships affect them and their likelihood of committing delinquent acts. Because females are often more strongly connected with their families, the disconnect or the lack of socialization between their family members significantly predicted their likelihood of committing crimes as juveniles and as adults. Boys were not as affected by these relationships as girls, suggesting that they are less connected to their family than their female counterparts. In contrast, juvenile offending was the sole predictor of adult arrests for men. The authors of this article shared similar results with both Svensson and Junger-Tas, but each researcher did have small differences in how their data was found and ultimately what their data suggested.

Steketee, Majone, Marianne Junger and Josine Junger-Tas. 2013. "Sex Differences in the Predictors of Juvenile Delinquency: Females are More Susceptible to Poor Environments; Males are Influenced More by Low Self-Control." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 29(1):88-105.

-This article follows up additionally on the element of socialization and environment can be predictors respectively for both males and females. It is reiterated that males are most likely across all offenses to be more involved in delinquency than females but when it comes to delinquency females are more likely to commit minor offenses. Family disruption has more influence on the delinquent behavior of females and the self-control is more strongly related to delinquency among males. These findings follow other preivous data suggesting that relationships ampng family and peers can have an affect on male and female juveniles and their likelihood of offending.

Svensson, Robert. 2004. "Shame as a Consequence of the Parent-Child Relationship: A Study of Gender Differences in Juvenile Delinquency." European Journal of Criminology 1(4):477-504.


 * Svensson uses a combination of self-reported studies and other previous data regarding parent-child relationships in order to create an understanding of gender differences in juvenile delinquency. Similarly to other sources, the author suggests that male delinquency is more common than female delinquency, which is a common finding across criminological research. The author found that girls are less delinquent than boys and girls are often controlled in a stronger manner than boys when it comes to their family. Female children are often raised very differently than their male counterparts, which might suggest a reason why females are significantly less likely to commit crimes than males. The author highlights that socialization plays a key role in juvenile delinquency as males and females are often socialized differently.  If any child, male or female is poorly bonded by his or her parents, the author’s research suggests that they are more likely to participate in delinquent behavior. The author notes that it is important to separate juvenile delinquency analysis by gender because males and females are very differently controlled and bonded. By separating the two, the differences are clearer to differentiate and understand.