User:Meghanherlitzka/Haloquadratum walsbyi

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084702/: This is the source I added to the description section of our article bc it was missing a source

Sublimi Saponetti, Matilde; Bobba, Fabrizio; Salerno, Grazia; Scarfato, Alessandro; Corcelli, Angela; Cucolo, Annamaria (2011-04-29). "Morphological and Structural Aspects of the Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi". PLoS ONE. 6 (4): e18653. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018653. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3084702. PMID 21559517.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2164-7-169: this source discusses the genome of Haloquadratum Walsbyi

Bolhuis, Henk; Palm, Peter; Wende, Andy; Falb, Michaela; Rampp, Markus; Rodriguez-Valera, Francisco; Pfeiffer, Friedhelm; Oesterhelt, Dieter (2006-07-04). "The genome of the square archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi : life at the limits of water activity". BMC Genomics. 7 (1): 169. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-169. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 1544339. PMID 16820047.

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-7-171: this source looks at the metagenome of Haloquadratum walsbyi

Legault, Boris A.; Lopez-Lopez, Arantxa; Alba-Casado, Jose Carlos; Doolittle, W. Ford; Bolhuis, Henk; Rodriguez-Valera, Francisco; Papke, R. Thane (2006-07-04). "Environmental genomics of "Haloquadratum walsbyi" in a saltern crystallizer indicates a large pool of accessory genes in an otherwise coherent species". BMC Genomics. 7 (1): 171. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-171. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 1560387. PMID 16820057.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00249/full: this source examines particular proteins in the Haloquadratum cell through flurescenes microscopy.

Zenke, Ralf; von Gronau, Susanne; Bolhuis, Henk; Gruska, Manuela; Pfeiffer, Friedhelm; Oesterhelt, Dieter (2015). "Fluorescence microscopy visualization of halomucin, a secreted 927 kDa protein surrounding Haloquadratum walsbyi cells". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00249/full. ISSN 1664-302X.

https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)39568-5/fulltext: this source discusses the acid-resistant Light-driven Proton Pumping Activity discovered in newly Grouped Haloquadratum walsbyi Bacteriorhodopsin.

Hsu, Min-Feng; Fu, Hsu-Yuan; Cai, Chun-Jie; Yi, Hsiu-Pin; Yang, Chii-Shen; Wang, Andrew H.-J. (2015-12-04). "Structural and Functional Studies of a Newly Grouped Haloquadratum walsbyi Bacteriorhodopsin Reveal the Acid-resistant Light-driven Proton Pumping Activity *". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (49): 29567–29577. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.685065. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 26483542.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018653: This article examines the morphological and structural aspects of Haloquadratum walsbyi.

Saponetti, Matilde Sublimi; Bobba, Fabrizio; Salerno, Grazia; Scarfato, Alessandro; Corcelli, Angela; Cucolo, Annamaria (2011-04-29). "Morphological and Structural Aspects of the Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi". PLOS ONE. 6 (4): e18653. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018653. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3084702. PMID 21559517.

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-015-1794-8: This article examines the diverse cell wall maintained in Haloquadratum

Martin-Cuadrado, Ana-Belen; Pašić, Lejla; Rodriguez-Valera, Francisco (2015-08-13). "Diversity of the cell-wall associated genomic island of the archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 603. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1794-8. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 4535781. PMID 26268990.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12864-017-3892-2: This article discusses the transcriptome of Haloquadratum walsbyi and analyzes it.

Bolhuis, Henk; Martín-Cuadrado, Ana Belén; Rosselli, Riccardo; Pašić, Lejla; Rodriguez-Valera, Francisco (2017-07-03). "Transcriptome analysis of Haloquadratum walsbyi: vanity is but the surface". BMC Genomics. 18 (1): 510. doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3892-2. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 5496347. PMID 28673248.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/870191: This article analyzes the lipid composition of Haloquadratum walsbyi.

LoBasso, Simona; LoPalco, Patrizia; Mascolo, Giuseppe; Corcelli, Angela (NaN/NaN/NaN). "Lipids of the ultra-thin square halophilic archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi". Archaea. 2: 177–183. doi:10.1155/2008/870191. ISSN 1472-3646. PMC 2685597. PMID 19054744

A.E. Walsby: This source gives information on the person credited with the discovery of Haloquadratum walsbyi.

Wikipedia, 2022-05-06, retrieved 2022-10-23

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/haloquadratum-walsbyi: This source will he used to discuss the normal microbiota of Haloquadratum walsbyi

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92110/ this source describes solar salter crystallizer ponds which are addressed in the normal microbiota section.

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.64690-0 : more about their environment and normal microbiota

https://eol.org/pages/11813300/articles added to a spot in article that needed citation

https://eol.org/pages/11813300/articles?locale_code=en&resource_id=617 added to spot in article that need citation

https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00692.x provides information on the square structure of H. walsbyi

Plan:

Meghan - Genomics and Structure

H. walsbyi is classified as an oligotrophic microorganism, as it grows in nutrient deficient conditions where concentrations of organic substances are minimal. To combat, H. walsbyi maintains a high surface to volume ratio by flattening to maximize nutrient uptake. Because of their square shape, they are more capable of flattening than spherical shaped microorganisms are. H. walsbyi can flatten an extreme amount of about 0.1-0.5μm. The overall size of the cell structure ranges from 1.5 to 11 μm. However, larger cells have been observed. The largest recorded H. walsbyi cell was measured as 40 x 40 μm.

The square shape of H. walsbyi has been the focus of many studies. It is able to maintain this structure due to its adaptive traits. These traits can be found in both H. walsbyi's genome composition as well as its protein sequences. These adaptations allow H. walsbyi to thrive in environments such as saturated brines while also maintaining a defined square structure.

A typical Genome of H. walsbyi has a 3,132,494 bp chromosome. The strain HBSQ001, DSM 16790 was analyzed to obtain this data. H. walsbyi is distinguished by the abnormally low Guanine-Cytosine (GC) content compared to other haloarchaea. H. walsbyi has an average of 47.9% GC content compared to the expected 60-70%. Additionally, the proteins encoded are highly conserved specifically in the amino acid sequence. It is understood that H. walsbyi evolved from a typical GC rich, moderately conserving ancestor.

History (cont):

Upon the observation of the unique shape of H. walsbyi, cultivation has been a goal for scientists studying the species. Hyper-saline media has been found to be a substantial medium to maintain the pure cultures. H. walsbyi remains one of the largest prokaryotes known today and contains roughly 3 million basepairs.

In 2004, two strains of H. walsbyi were successfully isolated and able to be sequenced. The first strain was an isolate from the Spanish, called HBSQ00. The second strain was an Australian isolate, called C23. Five strains were additionally isolated, totaling in seven total isolates of H. walsbyi.

Hart - Normal Microbiota

The Archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi is abundant in red brines, in salt lakes and solar salter crystallizer ponds, shallow ponds that are connected to each other and increase in salinity. Bacteriorhodopsin, a membrane protein that uses energy from light to drive the hydrogen-ion pump, which are found in Haloquadratum walsbyi absorbs energy from light and are found in communities within these brines. The use of these bacteriorhodopsin shows the photoheterotroph nature of Haloquadratum walsbyi . The salt saturated environments that this archaean inhabits, along with being rich in magnesium chloride, have very low activity within the water which causes desiccation stress. The magnesium saturation in these ecosystems, what is also referred to as bitterns, are most often found with very little to no life present.

This environment is very hostile and H. walsbyi is only able to survive in it due to its unique genomic make up and while other organisms would perish in similar conditions. (source 20).

Intro/description:

Haloquadratum walsbyi cells have been determined to be Gram-negative through staining and when grown in a laboratory the best determined conditions for growth is a media with 18% salts at a neutral pH.

This archaean is also commonly referred to as "Walsby's Square Bacterium" because of its identifying shape.

Description

These gas vacuoles were discovered by Wallaby in 1980 when determining the identify of intracellular refractive bodies in the archaean's structure.

Diversity

A surprisingly high amount of cells in salt brines around the world are Haloquadratum walsbyi, up to 80% of the cells in the brines can be identified as Haloquadratum walsbyi. Experiments have been done to examine the genetic diversity in the salt brine environment. Seven different types of this microbes genomic island have been discovered in natural environments. After examining the metogenomic fosmid library for H. walsbyi two types of the cell-wall associated islands were identified. The genes in these islands include those responsible for the synthesis of surface layer structures such as glycoproteins and genes responsible for the synthesis of cell envelopes. Homologous recombination is responsible for the maintaining the genes mentioned above and also the diversity of the metogenome in its natural environment. Surface structures on different H. walsbyi cells help to different different sources of lineage for the population as a whole and increases the diversity of the cells in their natural environment. Increases in diversity due to differing cell surface structures may be due to the cells attempting to reduce their susceptibility to attack by viruses In 2009 an experiment was conducted in Australia to determine the diversity of H. walsbyi in three distinct saltern crystallizer ponds. In all three of the pools that were located in different regions they all shared two 97%-OTU of both Haloquadratum and Halorubrum -like sequences. (source 11)

First sentence:

Haloquadratum walsbyi is of the genus Haloquadratum, within the archaea domain known for its square halophilic nature. (source 1)

Chi Chi - History

The Haloquadratum walsbyi archaea was first discovered in 1980 by a microbiology professor named Anthony E. Walsby. This microorganism was initially named after him as “Walsby's square bacterium” due to its discovery occurring before the archaea domain was truly acknowledged. It is now formally known as Haloquadratum walsbyi, a well known halophilic archaeon that is considered to be one of first archaea discovered with a square cellular shape.

As mentioned earlier, the location site of this distinctive microbe's discovery was in the transcontinental country of Egypt within the Sinai peninsula. However, with this discovery also came an extended period that consisted of intensive trial and error attempts to achieve complete isolation of H. walsbyi. Because of how difficult it was to fully isolate this microorganism, there was a vast gap in information on H. walsbyi's physiological processes and genomic composition. However in 2004, two strains of H. walsbyi were successfully isolated and able to be sequenced. The first strain is an isolate from the Spanish, called HBSQ00. The second strain is an Australian isolate, called C23.

Introduction edit: (second paragraph, rephrased last sentence): Haloquadratum walsbyi is very unusual because of its unique cellular structure that resembles an almost-perfectly, flat-shaped figure.

Genomics and structure (cont):

For example, H.walsbyi’s expression of the halomucin protein creates an aqueous protective layering that helps prevent desiccation of the cells.

H. walsbyi’s cellular structure consists of highly refractive gas vesicles, poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate granules, and a unique cellular wall. This microbe has displayed cell walls that range from 15 to 25 nm in thickness. The genome of H.walsbyi encodes S-layered glycoproteins of the cell wall. Additionally, photoactive retinal proteins are also encoded for the membrane. The HBSQ001 strain, discovered in 2004, showed these same internal cellular structures. However, this specific strain showed a complex trichotomous structured cell wall.

Raghuveer - Diversity

Citations: