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= Gametophytic Selection = Gametophytic selection has been proposed as the selection of one haploid pollen grain over another through the means of pollen competition (see also certation), and that resulting sporophytic generations are positively affected by this competition.[2] Evidence has been observed in several flowering plant species, but there are is still some debate as to the biological significance of gametophytic selection.

Pollen Competition Hypothesis
The competitive ability of pollen grains (microgapmetophytes) is rooted in the expression of their haploid genomes. The haploid genes are expressed immediately after pollen development and during pollen germination and pollen-tube growth. About 60% of genes expressed in the sporophyte are also expressed in the microgametophyte. This expression influences the ability of pollen tubes to compete during growth in the.

Pollen completion is increased when pollen is not limiting and when pollen is in abundance relative to the number of ovules present in the ovary.

Non-Random Success of Pollen
Studies on corn have observed a non-random success of pollen grains possessing different alleles resulting in ratios that differ than those expected by Mendel’s Law of Segregation of genes (certation). Pollen from a heterozygous sporophyte should exhibit an equal distribution of gametes inherited by offspring. Evidence of higher fertilization frequencies by pollen carrying one allele  resulted in differences from expected random mating ratios.

Offspring Quality
Evidence suggests that gametophytic selection may influence the fitness of seedlings in the next sporophytic generation (Mulcahy, 1987). Studies on specific species have observed improvement of offspring quality suggesting that the rate of pollen-tube growth in the style is positively correlated with the rate of seedling growth in the next generation.

Pollen competition is one of the primary drivers for cryptic self-incompatibility favoring outcrossed pollen for fertilization.

In experiments on the Dianthus chinensis demonstrated that when  pollen tubes had to grow a longer distance through the style the offspring had increased vigor and competitive ability.

Early land vs. angiosperms
Current hypotheses suggest that gametophytic selection in early seedless land plants would have seen negative repercussions due to the limitations imposed by environmental selection on independent gametophytes, like those of bryophytes and ferns. Polyploidy may have been a mechanism that avoided these repercussions in modern ferns (Cruzan)

Flowering plants may have seen benefits from gametophytic selection occurring during pollen-tube growth in the style. It has been proposed that gametophytic selection contributed to the radiation of flowering plants with closed carpels and more efficient pollen transfer by insects enhancing selective pressure on microgametophytes. [2]

Alternative hypotheses to pollen competition
The biological importance of gametophytic selection continues to be a subject of discussion. Suggestions have been made that the significance of the heritable ability of the genes passed on from haploid gametes may not significant and that differences in the number of pollen grains on the stigma or the distance pollen tubes travel through the style may have promoted differences in seed provisioning that resulted in differences in seedling growth instead of heritable genetic differences resulting from pollen competition.