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The Processes of International Negotiation (PIN) Program is a non-profit group of scholars and practitioners that encourages and organizes research on a broad spectrum of topics related to international negotiation seen as a process. Its objectives include the dissemination of new knowledge about negotiation as widely as possible, and developing networks of scholars and practitioners interested in the subject, for the purpose of improving analysis and practice of negotiation worldwide.

The PIN project started in 1988 as part of IIASA (International Institute for Applied System Analysis) in Laxenburg, Austria. Today the secretariat of PIN is based at the Netherlands Institute of International Relations "Clingendael" in The Hague. The project is presided over by a Steering Committee, who organizes the many activities and edits a newsletter (PINPoints). There are currently eight PIN SC members and two associate members. Members are Dr. Cecilia Albin of Uppsala University; Dr Mark Anstey, Michigan State University at Dubai; Dr Rudolf Schüssler of Bayreuth University; Dr Guy Olivier Faure of the Sorbonne; Dr Fen Osler Hampson of Carleton University; Dr Paul Meerts of Clingendael; Dr Valerie Rosoux of the Catholic University of Louvain; and Dr I. William Zartman of the Johns Hopkins University-SAIS. Associate members for specific projects are Dr Mordechai Melamud (previously of CTBTO) for the CTBT project, and Dr Mikhail Troitskiy for Caspilog. Coordinator of PIN is Wilbur Perlot of Clingendael.Dr Gunnar Sjöstedt of the Swedish Institute of International Relations and Dr Rudolf Avenhaus of the German Defense University are emeritus members.

Every year the Steering Committee conducts one to two workshops devoted to the analysis and improvement of the practice of negotiation, involving scholars and practitioners from numerous countries, in order to tap a broad range of international expertise. Normally authors are invited to draft papers for these workshops. After the workshop these papers are revised for publication. PIN has published a book a year out of these workshops, using various English-language publishers, and its books have been translated into a number of languages, including an active Chinese translation program.

Topics generally fall into one or both of two categories: conceptual issues, often bringing together another conceptual area that has hitherto not been combined with negotiation, and current issues. Power and Negotiation (2000), Escalation and International Negotiation (2005), Negotiated Risks (2009) and Diplomacy Games (2009) (on formal modeling) are examples of the first; Negotiating the Comprehensive Test Ban (2010), Negotiating European Union (2003), and Climate Change Negotiations (2010) are examples of the second.

The Steering Committee also offers mini-conferences on international negotiations in order to disseminate and encourage research on the subject. Such "Road Shows" have been held at the Argentine Council for International Relations, Buenos Aires; Beida University, Beijing; the Center for Conflict Resolution, Haifa; the Center for the Study of Contemporary Japanese Culture, Kyoto; the School of International Relations, Tehran; the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm; the University of Cairo; University Hassan II, Casablanca; the University of Helsinki; and the UN University for Peace, San Jose, Costa Rica.

The PIN steering committee publishes a semiannual newsletter,PINPoints, and sponsors a network of over 4,000 researchers and practitioners in negotiation. Past projects and the program have been supported by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Smith Richardson Foundation, the US Institute of Peace, UNESCO, and the Carnegie Corporation.

PIN is Over 20 Years Old PIN’s history has developed around negotiation concepts, an approach that could be quite relevant scientifically, because all collective endeavors are based on negotiation – in fact, our own life as a group has been an ongoing negotiation. We could summarize our existence as being a single event that successfully transformed into a regime, which is far from always the case in international agreements. In the beginning, we faced a number of obstacles which should have actually made the completion of any project unfeasible. However, we did not know at the time that it might not be possible, so we went ahead. The first obstacle we encountered was cultural differences, which in our case included no fewer than five different cultures. The second obstacle was the range of disciplines represented in our group, with no fewer than seven disciplines struggling to find a common language. The third obstacle was not about us, but about what it was we wanted to do: joint research, applied research, consulting, training, or network building. Through pragmatic initiatives, we finally managed to develop not just a common language, but shared perspectives and joint values as well. Our activities can be described as a joint adventure under conditions of uncertainty and complexity. No need to mention that our common story as a process, resulting in a number of outcomes which demonstrated that we were actually playing a positive sum game, could fill a book. Under these circumstances, we continued working on research projects and publishing books on uncharted topics. We also turned into apostles of good news, namely, conflict resolution by peaceful means. We developed a network of several thousand scholars and practitioners, supervised nearly one entire generation of post-doctoral students and, finally, intervened as mediators on some thorny issues. Our group had a life of its own, with some of us leaving to enjoy well-deserved rest and others departing from this world to go to another one, which is said to be better. New people joined us, yet one quite unique aspect has remained in all these years: the absence of a distinct leader, director, hairperson or whatever other label is used. We realized that all of us were directors, a fine way of acquiring a high-level position and, at the same time, ensuring that our democracy worked. The most extraordinary thing in all of this is our research topic, international negotiation: a new perspective (process), an increasingly characteristic activity, and a continual cornucopia of new approaches to pursue. The details of our very special journey follow below. The PIN Project The PIN Program (Processes of International Negotiation), like many other projects, started with an encounter of people of good will, who were all looking in the same direction to make this world a better place to live in. Thus, with the blessing of Howard Raiffa (IIASA’s first director, 1973 – 1975) introduced international negotiations into IIASA’s research agenda.The first issue of PINPoints was published in 1991 and included a contribution by H. Raiffa.PINPoints5 www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/PIN PINPoints 35/2010 Howard Raiffa, Director of IIASA, they came together to establish a real task force. Winfried Lang, Austrian Foreign Ministry; Jeff Rubin, Harvard University; I. William Zartman, Johns Hopkins University; Victor Kremenyuk and A. Zotov, Soviet Academy of Sciences; Gunnar Sjöstedt, Swedish Institute of Foreign Affairs; Wilfried Siebe, University of Bielefeld, and Guy Olivier Faure, Sorbonne University, formed the PIN Steering Committee (SC).Most of these “founding fathers” were from different countries, came from different disciplines and from different institutions, yet they converged around the same concerns. They turned their differences into advantages, gradually building up a unique model of organization, which, remarkably, has been effective for over 20 years. PIN’s ultimate goal is to contribute to the theory and practice of international negotiation and conflict resolution. The means to achieve this objective is an organization which consists of benevolent equals, who have no leader and no hierarchical structure, steering a network of 4,500 researchers and practitioners. The PIN Program promotes improved understanding and practices of processes of international negotiation through publications, conferences, consultations, networks, and outreach. With regard to the research field, the objective is to deepen knowledge on a number of issues and themes relating to international negotiation that are characterized by significant gaps, such as power, multilateral negotiations, cultural differences, peace vs. justice, preventive negotiation, formal models, and escalation, to name a few. In terms of concrete issues, PIN has researched environmental negotiations, economics, the European Union, terrorism, nuclear issues, and climate change. PIN has elaborated a unique and prolific analytical framework to organize research on negotiation theory and practice based on five analytical categories intended to cover the entire field: actors, structure, process, strategies, and outcome. Within IIASA, PIN built partnerships with other programs, that is, scientists from other programs (water, environment, etc.) joined some of our projects, for instance, on climate change. PIN was also involved in several of IIASA’s multidisciplinary projects. Each research project is conceived as a book, not as a collection of papers. Research is carried out inductively, starting from real world cases and inferring general lessons from their analysis for both practical implementation as well as conceptualization. Twenty books that provide academics, negotiators, and diplomats with new knowledge have been published to date. In addition to this major task, complementary activities have been carried out, such as the biannual publication of a newsletter, PINPoints, which is forwarded to the entire network. With its concise articles, PINPoints provides up-to-date reflections on various areas of research and practice and on issues linked to current affairs. Another important activity the Steering Committee is in charge of is the organization of several Roadshows each year in different parts of the world. The purpose of the Roadshows is to present select themes of international negotiation and conflict resolution to new audiences and thereby initiate new local networks by spreading the “good news” and to trigger more interest in the field. PIN has made presentations in numerous countries including Japan, Pakistan, China, Morocco, Egypt, Israel, Iran, USA, Canada, Costa Rica, and Argentina. In Europe, PIN has conveyed its message to Norway, Finland, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands, France, and Germany. The PIN group has also used its expertise to educate others in international negotiation processes. At the beginning of the 1990s, Bert Spector and others organized a trainers’ seminar for professors from Central European universities, the new countries that aspired to European Union membership. For years, the regular summer meetings at IIASA were used to train post-doctoral students in dealing with the complexity of the multilateral process. PIN has also conducted second track mediating missions, for example, in the Caspian region, with the aim of enhancing dialog and cooperation (CaspiLog) between the five riparian countries, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. Finally, PIN also trains and monitors young researchers who join IIASA for a summer study program, thus contributing to the training of a new generation of negotiation researchers. Many of our graduates have gone on to hold responsible positions and conduct research on negotiation.PIN is established as a legal entity, an NGO with a Web site, and will be hosted at the Clingendael Institute, The Hague, Netherlands, as of January 2011. Procedure The Processes of International Negotiation (PIN) meets three to four times a year, once or twice at IIASA and once or twice at its annual Roadshow venues. Most of the work is carried out by the PIN Steering Committee group members at home on a voluntary and unpaid basis, collaborating with both researchers and policy makers from its network. People The Steering Committee has been like any human organization during its 23-year existence: subject to variations, changes, and renewals. The following distinguished scholars and practitioners have been (or still are) part of the Committee: J. Rubin, I. W. Zartman, V. A. Kremenyuk, W. Lang, G. Sjöstedt, A. Zotov, W. Siebe, G. O. Faure, R. Avenhaus, P. Meerts, F. Cede, J. Bercovitch, W. Donohue, M. Anstey, F. Hampson, V. Rosoux, R. Schüssler, M. Melamud, and M. Troitskiy. A second circle of regular companions has also contributed substantially to PIN’s achievements throughout the years. They include: One of the first Roadshows in October 2000 at the Guanghua School of Management, Beijing. Left to right: Rudolf Avenhaus, Guy Olivier Faure, I. William Zartman, Paul Meerts, Franz Cede, Victor A. Kremenyuk, Gunnar Sjöstedt.6 PINPoints PINPoints 35/2010 www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/PIN H. Raiffa, B. Spector, T. Hopmann, C. Dupont, C. Jönsson, D. Pruitt, D. Druckman, A. Underdal, C. Albin, K. Aggestam, C. Goerzig, K. Höglund, O. Elgström, S. Y. Kim, J. C. Beltramino, and J. Salacuse. PIN has produced quite a few “offspring” such as national nodes and local roundtables including the French PIN, the Dutch PIN, the German PIN, the Washington WIN group, and the Swedish PIN. PIN has also contributed to the establishment of anchoring points for negotiation research in five continents through Roadshows and individual initiatives. Timeline 1986 Funding from Carnegie Corporation, New York 1987 July: PIN Conference at IIASA: Processes of International Negotiation Howard Raiffa (IIASA’s first director, 1973 – 1975) introduces international negotiations into IIASA’s research agenda. Chairman of the IIASA Council, Jermen Gvishiani, originally proposed the inclusion of joint East-West research on energy, food, population, and the environment 1988 IIASA Director Robert Pry meets with W. Lang, Austrian Foreign Ministry, J. Rubin, Harvard University, G. Sjöstedt, Swedish Institute of Foreign Affairs, I. W. Zartman, Johns Hopkins University, V. A. Kremenyuk and A. Zotov, Soviet Academy of Sciences, W. Siebe, University of Bielefeld, and G. O. Faure, Sorbonne University, who subsequently form the PIN Steering Committee (SC) 1989 Publication: Processes of International Negotiations (F. MautnerMarkoff), Westview Press Conference on International Negotiations: Analysis, Approaches, Issues, publication (V. A. Kremenyuk), Jossey Bass (1991) New PIN staff members Lynneth Kraus and Ulrike Neudeck 1990 Conference on Environmental Issues, publication (G. Sjöstedt), Sage (1993) Bert Spector joins PIN as a coordinator (1990-1993) 1991 Conference on Culture and Negotiations with financial support from UNESCO, publication (G. O. Faure and J. Rubin), Sage (1993) The first PINPoints newsletter is published with a contribution by H. Raiffa on the origins of PIN at IIASA. Since then, two newsletters have been published annually 1992 Conference on Power and Negotiation, publication (I. W. Zartman and J. Rubin), University Michigan Press (2000) 1993 Publication: Culture and Negotiation: The Resolution of Water Disputes (G. O. Faure & J. Z. Rubin), Sage Publication: International Environmental Negotiations (G. Sjöstedt), Sage Conference on Multilateral Negotiations, publication (I. W. Zartman), Jossey-Bass (1994) Conference on International Regimes, publication (B. Spector, G. Sjöstedt & I. W. Zartman), Kluwer (1994) Training program for Eastern European professors/trainers with P. Meerts, W. Mastenbroek, J. Freymond, and T. Hopmann Funding from Hewlett Foundation 1994 Publication: Negotiating International Regimes: Lessons Learned from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), (B. Spector, G. Sjöstedt & I. W. Zartman), Graham & Trotman Limited 1995 J. Rubin dies tragically while climbing his 100th mountain First Roadshow at the Argentine Council for International Relations, Buenos Aires 1996 W. Siebe leaves the SC. Rudolf Avenhaus, a statistician and game theorist from Germany, joins the SC after having organized the German node of the PIN network for several years Roadshows at the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, and Harvard University Project on Negotiation (PON) 1997 Workshop on Preventive Diplomacy in Stockholm 1998 Roadshow at the Netherlands Institute of International Affairs - Clingendael 1999 W. Lang dies after a painful disease Memorial lecture for W. Lang at IIASA on 25 February 2000 CaspiLog II (left) was hosted by Baku, Azerbaijan, 7–9 May, 2007; CaspiLog III (right) took place in Almaty, Kazakhstan, 3–4 October 2008.PINPoints 7 www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/PIN PINPoints 35/2010 Franz Cede, Austrian Foreign Ministry, lawyer, and Paul Meerts, Clingendael, The Netherlands, a political scientist and trainer, join the SC Roadshows at University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco; the Center for Conflict Resolution, Haifa, Israel; and the Foundation for Scientific Research, Stockholm, Sweden 2000 Publication: Power and Negotiation (I. W. Zartman & J. Z. Rubin), The University of Michigan Press Publication: International Economic Negotiation. Models versus Reality (V. A. Kremenyuk & G. Sjöstedt), Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Roadshows at the School of Economics, University of Helsinki, Finland, and Guanghua School of Management, Beijing University, China 2001 Publication: Preventive Negotiation: Avoiding Conflict Escalation (I. W. Zartman), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. with the Carnegie Council for Preventing Deadly Conflict Roadshows at the Catholic University Louvain, Belgium, and the Diplomatic Academy, Vienna, Austria Roadshow for the Directors of Diplomatic Academies at the 29th Meeting of Directors and Deans of Diplomatic Academies and Institutes of International Relations 2002 Publication: Containing the Atom: International Negotiation on Nuclear Security and Safety (R. Avenhaus, V. A. Kremenyuk & G. & Sjöstedt), Lexington Books Publication (2nd edition): International Negotiation: Analysis, Approaches, Issues (V. A. Kremenyuk), Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers Roadshow at Pepperdine University, Malibu, USA 2003 Publication: How People Negotiate: Resolving Disputes in Different Cultures (G. O. Faure), Kluwer Academic Publishers Publication: Getting it Done: Post-Agreement Negotiations and International Regimes (B. Spector & I. W. Zartman), United States Institute of Peace Press Publication: Professional Cultures in International Negotiation: Bridge or Rift? (G. Sjöstedt), Lexington Books Tanja Huber joins PIN as an administrative coordinator Roadshows at the School of International Relations, Iranian Foreign Ministry, Tehran; Mannheim University, Germany; and Négocia, Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris 2004 Publication: Negotiating European Union (P. Meerts & F. Cede), Palgrave-Macmillan Roadshows at Cairo University, Egypt, and University of Peace, Costa Rica PIN side event at COP10 in Buenos Aires 2005 Publication: Escalation and Negotiation in International Conflicts (G. O. Faure & I. W. Zartman), Cambridge University Press Publication: Peace versus Justice, Negotiating Forward- and Backward-Looking Outcomes (I. W. Zartman & V. A. Kremenyuk), Rowman and Littlefield Roadshows at the Peace Research Institute of Oslo (PRIO), Norway; Bayreuth University, Germany; and Négocia, Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris Workshop on Systems Analysis at IIASA PIN at the AAAS Annual Conference Workshop on Climate Negotiations 2006 First Caspian Dialog Session, Hollings Center, Istanbul Roadshow at The Johns Hopkins University, Bologna, Italy 2007 Jacob Bercovitch, a political scientist from New Zealand, joins the SC as a project associate member William Donohue, a psychologist from USA, joins the SC as a project associate member PIN in Lahore, Pakistan (top), Nanjing, China (center), and Ottawa, Canada (bottom).8 PINPoints PINPoints 35/2010 www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/PIN Publication: Diplomacy Games (R. Avenhaus & I. W. Zartman), Springer Roadshows at Négocia, Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris; the Nanjing-Hopkins Center, Nanjing, China; and at Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan Second Caspian Dialog (CaspiLog) Session, University of Baku, Azerbaijan Workshop on Negotiating with Terrorists Workshop on Conflict Resolution Handbook 2008 Ariel Mascapac from the Philippines joins PIN as an administrative coordinator Conference: Theorists Meet Practitioners (organized by R. Avenhaus and F. Cede) Mark Anstey, a social scientist/labor-community mediator from South Africa, currently at Michigan State University in Dubai, joins the SC in January 2008 Fen Osler Hampson, a political scientist from the University of Carleton, Ottawa, Canada, joins the SC at the same time Third CaspiLog Session, Institute for World Economy and Politics, Almaty, Kazakhstan Roadshow at the Geneva Center for Strategy and Policy, Switzerland Workshop on External Interventions in Identity Conflicts (ExIn) Roadshow at the University of Warsaw, Poland Publication: The Art of International Negotiations (A. Aleksy-Szucsich), (University of Warsaw Institute of International Relations, Zurawia Paper, 2009) 2009 Publication: The Sage Handbook on Conflict Resolution (J. Bercovitch, V. A. Kremenyuk & I. W. Zartman), Sage Publication: Negotiated Risks - International Talks on Hazardous Issues (R. Avenhaus & G. Sjöstedt) Valérie Rosoux, a political scientist and philosopher from the Catholic University at Louvain La Neuve, Belgium, joins the SC Moti Melamud, a physicist from Israel and practical arms control negotiator and negotiation trainer at CTBTO, joins the SC Mikhail Troitskiy, a Russian political scientist of the MacArthur Foundation, Moscow, and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) also joins the SC Roadshows at Carleton University and St Paul University, Ottawa, Canada Conference: Evaluating the Process of the CTBT Negotiations 2010 Publication: Negotiating with Terrorists: Strategies, Tactics and Politics (G. O. Faure & I. W. Zartman), Routledge Publication: Engaging Extremists (I. W. Zartman & G. O. Faure) (forthcoming), USIP Publication: Facilitating the Climate Talks (G. Sjöstedt & A. Macaspac Penetrante) (forthcoming), Earthscan Publication: To Block the Slippery Slope: Reducing Identity Conflicts and Preventing Genocide, (forthcoming), Oxford Publication: Unfinished Business: Saving International Negotiations from Failure (G.O. Faure and F. Cede) (forthcoming), Georgia University Press Rudolf Schüssler, a political philosopher from the University of Bayreuth, Germany, joins the SC Christophe Dupont from the second circle of PIN and a constant companion passes away CTBT negotiation workshop at the CTBTO, United Nations, Vienna Conference: Negotiation Day at the Diplomatic Academy, Vienna Roadshows at the University of Durham, England, and Négocia, Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris PIN is leaving IIASA and will be temporarily hosted at the Clingendael Institute, The Hague, Netherlands, during 2011.

http://www.pin-negotiation.org/