User:Melissausburn/sandbox/New Sandbox



=Martian lava tube= Martian lava tubes are natural sub-surface caverns on Mars that are believed to form as result of fast-moving, basaltic lava flows associated with shield volcanism. . Lava tubes usually form when the external surface of the lava channels cools more quickly and forms a hardened crust over subsurface lava flows. The flow eventually ceases and drains out of the tube, leaving a conduit-shaped void space which is usually several meters below the surface. Lava tubes are typically associated with extremely fluid pahoehoe lava. Gravity on Mars is about 38% that of Earth's, allowing Martian lava tubes to be much larger in comparison

Detection and access
Lava tubes and related flow structures were first recognized upon examination of Viking orbiter images, and later identified using orbiter imagery from Mars Odyssey, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Lava tubes can visually be detected two ways. The first is as long sinuous troughs known as rilles which are believed to be the remains of collapsed lava tubes. The second method of possible identification of is by cave "skylights" or pit craters which appear as dark, nearly circular features on the surface of Mars. . In June, 2010, a group of 7th grade science students at Evergreen Middle School in Cottonwood,California, participating in the Mars Student Imaging Project helped researchers discover a new series of lava tubes near Pavonis Mons through identification of a skylight. It is only the second skylight known to be associated with this volcano. In addition to orbital imagery, lava tubes could be detected through the use of: There has been increased interest in the identification and investigation of lava tubes because it could present scientists with information regarding the geological, paleohydrological, and supposed biological histories of the planet. Access to uncollapsed sections of lava tubes can be done by entering at the end of rille, through skylights, or, possibly, by drilling or blasting through the roof of a lava tube.
 * ground-penetrating radar
 * Gravimetry
 * Magnetometry
 * Seismography
 * Atmospheric effects
 * Lidar
 * Infrared
 * Human or robotic exploration

Life on Mars
Lava tubes represent prime locations where keys to the geological, paleohydrological, and possible biological history of Mars could be found. Subsurface conditions on Mars are dramatically more benign than those on the surface, which lead researchers to believe that if life did (or does) exist on Mars, it would most likely be found in these more hospitable environments. Martian lava tubes could possibly trap volatiles such as water, and may also contain reservoirs of ancient ice since cool air can pool in lava tubes and temperatures remain stable. The ability to tap into these reservoirs may provide dramatic insight into the paleoclimatology and astrobiological histories of Mars. Microbes found on Earth have been discovered thriving in near-freezing temperatures and very low-oxygen air. This allows researchers to believe that organisms can live in similar extreme situations such as those on Mars where temperatures are colder and less oxygen is available.

Missing:
 * paragraph on geological history - direct examination of pristine bedrock
 * paragraph on astrobiological targets - how they are preserved and detected

Future human habitation
The interior of lava tubes, along with other subsurface cavities, could prove to be a prime locations for future manned missions to Mars by providing shelter for habitats. These natural caverns have roofs estimated to be tens of meters thick which would provide protection from the extreme conditions that are experienced on the surface. The habitat would be protected from solar radiation, micrometerorites, extreme temperature fluctuations (ambient temperature is believed to be stable in lava tubes), winds, and regolith dust storms which could pose a threat to human health and technology. These natural shelters would also reduce the landed payload mass for manned missions which would be economically advantageous.