User:Memungai/sandbox

The term Homogenocene was first used by Michael Samways in his editorial article, "Translocating Fauna to Foreign Lands: Here Comes the Homogenocene." It appeared in the Journal of Insect Conservation in 1999.

Other writers use the term homogenocene also. It was used again by John L. Curnutt in the year 2000 in Ecology, "A Guide to the Homogenocene." George Cox refers to homogenocene in his article, "Alien Species in North America and Hawaii: Impacts on Natural Ecosystems. Charles C. Mann used it in his acclaimed book, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. He offers a bird's eye view of the mechanisms and ongoing implications of the homogenocene.

Biodiversity

Most experts agree that human activities have accelerated the rate of species extinction. needs citation 36

Nocturnality

I am still considering removing this paragraph. I am waiting for the journal source to come in, so that I can read it and make a final decision. I can not find much information on this topic, but what I did find, I included.

Researchers have found that the growth of the human population and expansion of human activity has resulted in many species of animals that are normally active during the day, such as elephants, tigers and boars, becoming nocturnal to avoid contact with humans. It has been quoted that human disturbance is turning “mammals into night owls”. A study conducted by Kaitlyn Gaynor, at the University of Berkley, supported the findings indicating the increase movement of 62 species of mammals during the night. Gaynor also stated, “One of the key, interesting findings here is we are used to seeing human impacts on the environment in terms of loss of habitat or conversion of habitat or loss of space for those big, wide-ranging species – but this is talking about loss of time”.

Geomorphology

I realize this section needs more information and I have ordered a book, titled Geomorphology in the Anthropocene / Andrew S. Goudie, University of Oxford ; Heather A. Viles, University of Oxford, which I am waiting for to come in.

Climate

One geological symptom resulting from human activity is increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) content. During the glacial–interglacial cycles of the past million years, natural processes have varied CO2 by approximately 100 ppm (from 180 ppm to 280 ppm). needs citation 52

Trace elements

In terms of trace elements, there are distinct signatures left by modern societies. For example, in the Upper Fremont Glacier in Wyoming, there is a layer of chlorine present in ice cores from 1960's atomic weapon testing programs, as well as a layer of mercury associated with coal plants in the 1980s. From 1945 to 1951, nuclear fallout is found locally around atomic device test sites, whereas from 1952 to 1980, tests of thermonuclear devices have left a clear, global signal of excess 14C, 239Pu, and other artificial radionuclides. The highest global concentration of radionuclides was in 1965, one of the dates which has been proposed as a possible benchmark for the start of the formally defined Anthropocene. ……Is this whole paragraph cited "60" or just the last sentence

Early Anthropocene Model

While much of the environmental change occurring on Earth is suspected to be a direct consequence of the Industrial Revolution, William Ruddiman has argued that the proposed Anthropocene began approximately 8,000 years ago with the development of farming and sedentary cultures. needs citation

Ruddiman's work has, in turn, been challenged on the grounds that comparison with an earlier interglaciation ("Stage 11", approximately 400,000 years ago) suggests that 16,000 more years must elapse before the current Holocene interglaciation comes to an end, and that thus the early anthropogenic hypothesis is invalid. Needs citation.. I think it is this one.

Antiquity

A plausible starting point of the Anthropocene could be at ca. 2,000 years ago. citation 71

Shedden comments: You are showing a number of important areas that need citations and asking some good questions. I like the book requests that you have made to expand certain sections of the article. You can start practicing putting the citations into your Sandbox document since you obviously have some sources.