User:Mengyin Zhang/sandboxannotatedbib


 * 1) Zaccardi, Francesco; Webb, David R.; Yates, Thomas; Davies, Melanie J. (2015-11-30). "Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective". Postgraduate Medical Journal: postgradmedj–2015–133281. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281. ISSN 0032-5473. PMID 26621825.
 * 2) Zaccardi et al review history of studies on diabetes pathophysiology. They state that consumption of excess calories is recognized as a major cause of diabetes mellitus type 2. Studies show that high fat and high carbohydrate dietary habits, which leads to high calorie uptake, contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. The major strength of this article is its scope. By looking presumably all data in the past, the authors, as experts on diabetes, provide a reliable summary of the disease and its risk factors.
 * 3) Lustig, Robert H. (2016-08). "Sickeningly Sweet: Does Sugar Cause Type 2 Diabetes? Yes". Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 40 (4): 282–286. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.01.004. ISSN 1499-2671.
 * 4) Dr. Robert Hustig at University of California, San Francisco argues that there is a strong causal relationship between sugar and type 2 diabetes, which is very closely related to my Wikipedia article. He outlines in detail the metabolic pathway through which sugar molecules affect cell functions that are involved in type 2 diabetes formation. His arguments are logically sound. However, experiments, especially controlled experiments are missing in his review, which does not invalidate his claim but at least weakens it. Further molecular studies should be done to investigate Dr. Hustig’s argument.
 * 5) “Chapter 3 - Dietary carbohydrate and disease". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
 * 6) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) published this pamphlet, in which the effect of dietary carbohydrate on type 2 diabetes onset is discussed. The article states that it has not been found that sugar plays a role in directly causing type 2 diabetes, those it is recommended that people should take in sugar within their energy allowance. The strength of this article is that it comes from FAO. FAO is a UN agency whose goal is to end world hunger and improve food security and quality globally. There does not appear to be a bias agenda in their publications since they do not aim to profit like some food companies. The article is reliable also in the way that this is a review and summary of all scientific achievements to date in this field. The weakness, though, is that references are not stated clearly like in peer-reviewed scholarly articles.
 * 7) Deshpande, Gaurang; Mapanga, Rudo F; Essop, M Faadiel (2017-11-01). "Frequent Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and the Onset of Cardiometabolic Diseases: Cause for Concern?". Journal of the Endocrine Society. 1 (11): 1372–1385. doi:10.1210/js.2017-00262. ISSN 2472-1972. PMC 5686631  . PMID 29264461.
 * 8) Researchers at Bangor University in the United Kingdom review previous studies to assess the relationship between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Of the three diseases investigated, type 2 diabetes mellitus is relevant to my nutritional controversy. This article finds that SSB consumption can cause type 2 diabetes by influencing glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in body. This review provides multiple sources supporting the theory of altering glucose metabolism by sugar-sweetened beverage intake. However, it fails to include studies take link SSB consumption directly to insulin resistance. Overall, this article promotes more long-termed studies in investigating the casual relationship between SSB and type 2 diabetes.
 * 9) Toop, Carla R.; Gentili, Sheridan (2016-09-20). "Fructose Beverage Consumption Induces a Metabolic Syndrome Phenotype in the Rat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Nutrients. 8 (9): 577. doi:10.3390/nu8090577.
 * 10) Toop and Gentili at University of South Australia report that rats that consume fructose beverage have a higher chances of expressing metabolic syndrome, which increases risks of type 2 diabetes in an individual. This study suggests that there is an indirect casual relation between sugar consumption and diabetes via metabolic syndrome. 26 studies are examined and through which a consensus is reached. This strengthens the study’s findings. Nevertheless, there remains the question whether the results of this review is generalizable in human populations since rats and humans could have different metabolic pathways.
 * 11) Zhang, N; Du, S M; Ma, G S (2017-04-19). "Current lifestyle factors that increase risk of T2DM in China". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (7): 832–838. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.41. ISSN 0954-3007.
 * 12) Zhang, Du, and Ma report on the current situation of type 2 diabetes in China along with the data on risk factors of the disease. In China, the rate of insufficient physical activity was 31.7% in 2017. The low level of physical activity was found to contribute to obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. Short sleep duration and poor sleep quality is also linked to the development of diabetes mellitus type 2. Decrease in cereal food consumption has been associated to the risk of type 2 diabetes in China, whereas the growing consumption of meat, especially processed red meat, is said to be linked to the development of the disease. Zhang et al obtain data and evidence that come from a variety of sources. This makes their results and conclusion reliable and close to consensus. The change of diet in recent years in China also provides a great specimen for studying these risk factors of diabetes. Though some maybe skeptical about China as a representing demographic, I believe the typical diet change in China due to industrialization and the enormous sample size offset the disadvantage, making China a relatively good specimen.
 * 13) Booth, Frank W.; Roberts, Christian K.; Laye, Matthew J. (2012-4). "Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases". Comprehensive Physiology. 2 (2): 1143–1211. doi:10.1002/cphy.c110025. ISSN 2040-4603. PMC 4241367  . PMID 23798298.
 * 14) Booth et al comprehensively review the effect of physical activity on chronic disease, including obesity and diabetes. Lack of physical activity influences the onset of obesity indirectly through their role in obesity and directly by negatively affecting the functions of insulin receptors in muscle cells. Lack of exercise leads to a positive caloric balance, which would cause an excess storage of fat in adipose cell. The increase in adipose cell volume and consequential obesity is associated to insulin resistance, which is the major indicator of type 2 diabetes. Physical inactivity also suggests under-usage of muscle cells, leading to insulin resistance in these cells as well. I believe this is a well-structured review paper containing reliable results from many sources, indicating that this is close to our goal: find the scientific consensus.
 * 15) Tee, E-S; Yap, R W K (2017-05-17). "Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia: current trends and risk factors". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (7): 844–849. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.44. ISSN 0954-3007.
 * 16) Tee and Yap in Malaysia review resent studies on the relationship between type 2 diabetes and its risk factors. They find that the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Malaysia to the low physical activities among school children. It is also seemingly linked to unhealthy diet choices such as high fat, high salt, and lack of fruits and vegetables. One weakness of this article is that it is done in Malaysia, which cannot convincingly represent the world’s population. There maybe certain genetic factors unique to Malaysians underlie the onset of the disease.
 * 17) Davies, Kelly A. Bowden; Sprung, Victoria S.; Norman, Juliette A.; Thompson, Andrew; Mitchell, Katie L.; Halford, Jason C. G.; Harrold, Jo A.; Wilding, John P. H.; Kemp, Graham J. (2018-06-01). "Short-term decreased physical activity with increased sedentary behaviour causes metabolic derangements and altered body composition: effects in individuals with and without a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes". Diabetologia. 61 (6): 1282–1294. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4603-5. ISSN 0012-186X.
 * 18) This study demonstrates that temporary decrease in physical activity leads to measurable insulin resistance in multiple organs, an indication of type 2 diabetes. The method is sound and the result is clear cut. However, since it is a single research project, further similar studies need to done to confirm or refute this conclusion.
 * 19) Hamel, C., Stevens, A., Singh, K., Ansari, M. T., Myers, E., Ziegler, P., … Moher, D. (2014). Do sugar-sweetened beverages cause adverse health outcomes in adults? A systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 3, 108. http://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-3-108
 * 20) Nutritional scientists at various institutes in Canada collaborate to produce a comprehensive protocol for how to study the effect of sugar-sweetened beverages. One of the major health problems that are potentially caused by sugar-sweetened beverages is type 2 diabetes, which is related to my nutritional controversy as I am investigating the effect of sugar consumption on type 2 diabetes. Although this paper provides a well-designed review procedure that cover much ground for studying SSB and its adverse health effect, researchers have not yet acted on this protocol. Thus, further studies are needed to address this issue.
 * 21) Toop CR, Gentili S. Fructose Beverage Consumption Induces a Metabolic Syndrome Phenotype in the Rat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2016;8(9):pii: E577.
 * 22) Toop and Gentili at University of South Australia report that rats that consume fructose beverage have a higher chance of expressing metabolic syndrome, which increases risks of type 2 diabetes in an individual. This study suggests that there is an indirect casual relation between sugar consumption and diabetes via metabolic syndrome. 26 studies are examined and through which a consensus is reached. This strengthens the study’s findings. Nevertheless, there remains the question whether the results of this review is generalizable in human populations since rats and humans could have different metabolic pathways.
 * 23) March, JC. "Preventing Diabetes - CORNELL UNIVERSITY". portal.nifa.usda.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
 * 24) Directed by J. C. March, this project at Cornell University aimed to identify and invent new type of food product (specifically dairy product) that would facilitate the prevention of type 2 diabetes. They found that certain bacteria in diet had effects in preventing diabetes. Although this project is interesting and has yielded fascinating results, further and longer studies need to be done in order to see the effectiveness and safety of such approach. Researchers in this project used mice as substitutes to study their methods. However, given that humans are in many ways different from mice metabolically, it still remains unknown whether what is found in mice remain true in human.
 * 25) International Diabetes Federation – Response, FAO online discussion, July 2013 Nutrition-enhancing agriculture and food systems in preparation for the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2)
 * 26) This digest by International Diabetes Federation discusses the causes of type 2 diabetes and what can be done to prevent the disease. It explains that key risk factors for type 2 diabetes include consumption of unhealthy food and excessive energy. It also mentions that processed food containing high salt, sugar and satrurated/trans fat can contributed to diabetes and thus policies to decrease processed food consumption need to be implemented. This source has its merits in that it does not stand to gain any profit by advocating against processed food, so the opinions are not influenced by private money. However, conflict of interest can go both ways. Since International Diabetes Federation is a strong advocate for diabetes patients and has a strong will to prevent diabetes, it would sometimes have a "better safe than sorry" mindset. That is, it would make generations like processed food is bad and fruit and vegetables are good in term of diabetes.
 * 27) Clemens, Roger A.; Jones, Julie M.; Kern, Mark; Lee, Soo-Yeun; Mayhew, Emily J.; Slavin, Joanne L.; Zivanovic, Svetlana (2016-03-31). "Functionality of Sugars in Foods and Health". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 15 (3): 433–470. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12194. ISSN 1541-4337.
 * 28) Clemens et al comprehensively reviewed publications on the health effect of sugars dated till 2016. They conclude that consuming sugar within the dietary allowance does not cause adverse health effect including diabetes. They also, however, emphasizes that when taken in excess, sugar can lead to onset of diabetes type 2. Overall, this paper takes a favorable position toward sugar and argues that sugar is not all bad for people. I believe this paper has some strengths. For example, the authors go in length about the fundamental principles of how sugar works in the body and the history of sugar, which provides a more comprehensive understand about sugar as a nutrients. Nonetheless, there are undeniable conflicts of interest since five out of seven authors of this paper have and have had positions in the food companies. Some noticeable ones are Coca-Cola, Corn Refiners Association, Quaker Oacts, Nestle SA, and California Dried Plum. These conflicts of interest may lead to publications more favorable toward the idea that sugar consumption does not impede health and has many benefits.