User:Mephistolus/sandbox

TH
Technische Hochschule (abbreviated TH) is a type of tertiary education institution focusing on natural and engineering sciences in Germany and Switzerland. The term was previously also used in Austria, the Netherlands (Technische hogeschool), and Finland (teknillinen korkeakoulu). It is a particular type of an Institute of Technology. In the 1970s (in Germany) and the 1980s (in the Netherlands), the Technische Hochschule emerged into Technische Universität (German) or Technische Universiteit (Dutch). Since 2009, several German universities of applied sciences have started using the term.

Terminology
In German-language countries, the term Hochschule is more general than Universität and also encompasses universities which do not have the right to confer Doctorates and Habilitations, in contrast to Universitäten. Today, Universitäten as well as other Hochschulen call themselves Technische Hochschule for historical reasons. However, a Technische Hochschule with the status of a Universität is regarded as a Technische Universität despite the name.

History
In the Middle Ages, an educational institution was called a university only if a certain classical canon of subjects was taught (including philosophy, medicine, law and theology). Though in modern times other subjects including engineering sciences became more important, institutions of tertiary education devoted to these were denied the prestigious denomination "university", and had to use the general term Hochschule instead.

It was a major breakthrough, then, when in the first half of the 20th century, some Technische Hochschulen in Germany and Technische Hoghescholen in the Netherlands were given the right to award the doctoral degrees, and again later when they were allowed to call themselves universities in accordance with the usual distinction that defines a university as an institution of tertiary education that can grant doctorates. This created the Technische Universität.

Some Technische Hochschulen, however, preferred to maintain their traditional and established names, most notably RWTH Aachen and both THs in Switzerland, ETH Zurich and EPF Lausanne. Universities that changed their names from TH to TU include TU Delft and TU Eindhoven in the Netherlands.

Starting in 2009, several German universities of applied sciences (Fachhochschulen) with a technical focus have changed their names to Technische Hochschule.

In Austria
List of Austrian Technische Universitäten by location:

In Germany
List of German Technische Universitäten by location:

In Switzerland
List of Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology by location:

In Finland
The concept of a TH exists also in Finland as teknillinen korkeakoulu, which is equivalent to a TH. Examples include Teknillinen korkeakoulu in Espoo, Tampereen teknillinen korkeakoulu and Lappeenrannan teknillinen korkeakoulu. Similarly to German speaking countries, most of them later changed their name to teknillinen yliopisto, which is equivalent to a TU. However, Teknillinen korkeakoulu retained its old name until it merged with two other universities to form the current Aalto University.

TU
Technische Universität (German) or Technische Universiteit (Dutch), abbreviated TU, is a university with a focus on natural sciences and engineering, also known as an institute of technology, in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and the Netherlands. This type of university emerged from the Technische Hochschule.