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Definition
Standhal syndrome is also known as art/tourist disease.

Triggers
One key trigger for Standhal Syndrome is having these works of art located in one place such as an art gallery or a museum.

Subdued sexual drives, exhaustion, inadequate rest, inspirations and identity of a person are some of the main causes for this type of syndrome. European tourists are mostly connected with the Stendhal Syndrome. Living alone is another triggering factor. An incredible inclination can be made by having a place with an established or religious instructive foundation.

Dr. Graziella Magherini
Magherini was the first person in medical history to report the clinical diagnosis of various instances of Stendhal Syndrome. She pointed out the unforeseen and unstable nature of the syndrome as well.

Graziella Magherini identified three different types of symptoms in order to identify the Stendhal Syndrome.

One type includes 66 percent of the patients who have predominant disorders of thought. Some of the examples of this sort of patients are changes in terms of perceiving colours and sounds, sentiments of oppression or blame and anxiety.

Second type consists of predominant disorders of affect. This was observed in 29 percent of patients. In terms of different examples of this kind of patients, sentiments of mediocrity and deficiency, feelings of prevalence such as elation or praise, depressive uneasiness are some of them.

Finally, third type includes 5 percent of overall patients. Their predominant symptoms are somatic articulations of anxiety. These patients suffer from panic attacks. Stomach related uneasiness, dazedness, pain in the chest or tachycardia are a few examples.

Psychoanalysis
Magherini looked at artistic enjoyment as a perplexing relationship of mental reactions aroused in a viewer by works of art. She formulated a psychoanalytical way to deal with this enjoyment. A model equation of this approach is composed of three variables and one invariable. These are, respectively, primary aesthetic experience, the strangeness, selected fact and artistic value.

Primary Aesthetic Experience
Primary aesthetic experience considers the beginning of life and onward. Based on the core structure of psychoanalysis, a combination of fundamental mother-child aesthetic experience, attachment, the personality structure and interpersonal relationships are the essential parts of this variable.

The Strangeness
With reference to the Freudian repressed component, in specific situations, the perception of an artwork can bring back remote encounters.

The Selected Fact
A person’s response can be evoked and effected by the perception of the artwork.

Artistic Value
Characteristics, content and symbolism of an artwork form the artistic value or that work. For each person, the priority of these elements in the equation changes.

David By Michelangelo
Instead of the clinical attributes of the patients, on her later research, Magherini concentrated on the artistic value in order to investigate Stendhal Syndrome. She picked the figure of David by Michelangelo for this investigation. The reason behind choosing this figure is the physical and emotional vitality the statue has as well as the way it symbolises intellect, heroism and freedom. Dr. Magherini evaluated entries in the guestbook for her study. On the negative side, a portion of the guests experienced discomfort, antagonistic vibe, aggressiveness, excruciating feelings. An extreme will to obliterate the structure was one of the experienced feelings as well.

Sigmund Freud
During his visit to the Acropolis of Athens, Sigmund Freud mentioned his encounter with art which was similar to other examples. Feeling enthusiastic and sensations of depersonalization and alienation were some of them. Freud’s deep rooted interest and thoughts about Acropolis and the Greek civilization triggered this overwhelming mental state.

Carl Gustav Jung
Jung experienced the same effects and told about these in his autobiography. In Pompeii, because of artwork, he was overwhelmed both mentally and physically. He lost his senses after this intense encounter and ended his excursion to Rome.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky
The Brazilian neurosurgeon Edson Amâncio published a paper in 2005 as a proof for Stendhal Syndrome. The paper indicated that Hans Holbein’s gem, Dead Christ in the exhibition hall in Basle caused the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky to experience similar symptoms.

Marcel Proust
Dr. Iain Bamforth suggested that Marcel Proust also encountered indications that are similar to Stendhal Syndrome in a 2010 issue of the British Journal of General Practice. After visiting and experiencing Dutch artistic creations at the Jeu De Paume Museum in Paris, he experienced symptoms like tachycardia, loss of cognizance, wooziness and uneasiness.

Mirror Neurons
From a neurobiological aspect, mirror neurons are necessary to consider for studying aesthetic enjoyment. A finding demonstrates that in the frontal premotor cortex, when an activity was executed, some specific neurons were activated. When the activity’s execution was watched by another person, the same neurons were activated again. Another research on social interaction shows that a reaction to visual interactions with art are characterized by and stem from empathy. These two findings complete each other.

Freedberg and Gallese
David Freedberg and Vittorio Gallese took the concept of empathy toward artworks and introduced a hypothesis. The theory was that these empathic reactions had exact and determinable materials in the brain. According to this, instruments that copy and encapsulate feelings, activities or physical sensations are triggered by artistic perception.

Semir Zeki
Semir Zeki is the founder of neuroaesthetics. His studies about the relation between brain, beauty and art are well known. His research findings demonstrate that when beautiful images are perceived, the activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex which is the pleasure and reward center in the brain, increases.

Other Related Names
Giuseppe Galetta

Related Syndromes
Venice Syndrome

Jerusalem Syndrome

Paris Syndrome

India Syndrome

Ruben’s Syndrome