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left  'Geopolitics of the Caspian Sea energy lines'  The influence of the political geography of the Caspian Sea basin countries on the security, quantity and quality of energy transfer from this route to destinations. The Caspian Basin consists of four geopolitical areas: Azerbaijan from the Caucasus, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan from Central Asia, Russia as a successor [and the Soviet Union], and a political unit active in the international system and one of the largest exporters [] Oil and Gas]] in the north and Iran in the south, which has huge reserves of oil and gas and oil industries and is a cheap and short route for the transfer of oil and gas resources in the Caspian Basin.

The importance of the Caspian Sea energy
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Caspian Sea region was a golden memory of California, as people came to the region to find oil. In World War II, Germany made the Caspian region one of its strategic goals. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the three new countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan) began to exploit significant resources at sea. , Began to open its doors to the outside world. American companies have been rapidly exploiting Caspian oil since early 1989 and today play an important role in economic development in the region. According to estimates, the Caspian Sea basin has significant untapped resources of oil and gas. The region's total oil reserves are estimated at 60 billion barrels. That will be enough for European fuel for up to twenty years. An important issue to be addressed is how the region's energy is transferred to global markets.

Main projects to create Caspian energy infrastructure
The Caspian Oil Pipeline Consortium planned to build a pipeline from the north of the Caspian Sea to the west to the Russian port of Novorossiysk on the Black Sea coast. Another project is being built under the auspices of the Azerbaijan International Operations Company (IOC), a consortium of 11 foreign oil companies, including four American companies, Unocal, Amoco, Exxon and Penzavil. The pipeline runs west of one or both of these routes: a pipeline will wind north and run from North Caucasus to the port of Novorossiysk. Another pipeline runs through Georgia to the Black Sea port of Supsa. Another option is to build a pipeline through Afghanistan. UNOCAL is planning to form an oil pipeline consortium in Central Asia. The 1,040-kilometer pipeline will start near the northern Turkmen city of Turkmenabad and run south, reaching the export terminal on Pakistan's west coast after passing through Afghanistan. The cost of this project is estimated at $ 2.5 billion.

Russia's geopolitical and geoeconomic strategies in the Caspian Sea
Possible strategies for achieving these goals include establishing the Caspian Sea as an area of ​​influence (in the psychological or ideological sense). Infiltration into the suburbs through the use of Russian private companies is another measure of the country to create an area of ​​economic influence, as well as creating legal barriers to prevent the participation of new competitors in foreign investment in the Caspian region. For example, Russia can connect any pipeline connecting the Republic of Azerbaijan with Kazakhstan or Turkmenistan or the Baku-Ceyhan (Turkey) pipeline. Block. Another obstacle is the effective blocking of the Volga-Dan Canal. This system is a low-volume seasonal connection between the Caspian Sea and Black Sea, leading to the European inland waterway system. This passage is the only entrance for equipment for external drilling and other Caspian support equipment. Blocking this system could provide a military response to the unresolved problems for Russia's satisfaction in the Caspian region.

USA and energy transmission lines
In January 2006, the [Financial Times] Express reported on US government support for the construction of oil pipelines in the region. Steven Mann, a member of the State Department's Office for European and Asian Affairs, made the remarks following a statement from the Asian Development Bank. He said the Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline and another pipeline connecting Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan could both be implemented. "The US government supports the project to transfer Caspian gas to India and Pakistan, but opposes any pipeline in which Iran is involved," Mann said. He introduced the transfer of Turkmenistan gas as one of the preferred options for the United States.

China and Caspian energy
In recent years, we have witnessed China's willingness to invest in the Caspian Sea oil and gas fields. A concrete example of this desire is the participation of Chinese companies in large-scale projects for the exploration and extraction of oil and gas in Central Asia, as well as the construction of an energy transmission pipeline. The Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline, for example, is one of the largest investments in the region and will play an important role in the future supply of oil to China. According to this article, several factors play a role in China's desire for energy resources in the Caspian Sea. The first factor is energy market fluctuations and China's high dependence on major energy production regions such as the Persian Gulf, which makes China think about diversifying its energy sources. The next factor is good political-economic (and in some cases military) relations between China and the Caspian littoral states of Iran and Russia and three Central Asian countries, which increase the security of energy supply in the region. Kazakhstan-Xinjiang pipeline The 3,000-kilometer stretch transports oil and gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to western China. According to the slogan of the Western countries about the pipeline policy, "neither north, nor south, west or east" means that they will do their best to transfer oil and gas from Central Asia and the Caucasus from the western route, otherwise Another option that could be used is the East route, and this is what China also supports, because given the Chinese concern about the safety of imported energy transmission routes, the Chinese seem to see Central Asia as an important option. To reduce dependence on US-controlled maritime transport routes.

Iran
Iran is located in the south of the Caspian Sea. Oil is one of the most important exports of this country and seeks common sovereignty in the field of Caspian Sea legal regime. But if the seabed is to be divided, Iran wants 20 percent of the seabed, that is, an equal division between the five littoral states. Iran's share in the division of the Caspian Sea based on the Astara-Husseinghli border line will increase by 11% and based on the principle of the middle line by 13.6%, and in case of participation it will increase to 20%.

 'Iran's energy transmission route:' 

1. Neka-Rey pipeline
Neka-Rey Port Pipeline, also known as Cross. Swap oil has been exchanged for the Caspian littoral states. A significant amount of crude oil from three countries, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, is transported daily by tanker to the port of Neka and piped to the Rey and Tabriz refineries. Iran is committed to delivering the qualitative and quantitative equivalents of this oil to the customers of the primary countries in Khark port. The transportation of crude oil of these three countries with this pipeline in the first phase was 120 to 150 thousand barrels per day. In the second and third stages, it will reach 370 and 550 thousand barrels per day. According to many experts, the Neka-Rey pipeline is the cheapest and safest way to transport Caspian oil. Opposite it is the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, of which the United States is one of the main sponsors.

2.Gut pipe line
Since before the Islamic Revolution, Iran has built the GATT-1 national pipeline to export gas from the country's southern sources to the Soviet Union, and plans to build another pipeline to export Iranian natural gas to Europe via the Soviet Union. Both projects were stopped in the first months after the Islamic Revolution.

3. Okarm Tabriz-Ankara pipeline
The pipeline was designed to transport about 30 million cubic meters of Turkmen gas to Europe annually via Iran and Turkey. The contract was signed in May 1997 between Iran, Turkey and Turkmenistan. The length of this pipeline is 2160 km and its construction cost is $ 1.6 billion.

Russia
The Russian Federation, the successor to the Soviet Union, is located in the northern part of the Caspian Sea. Although it owns 30% of the Caspian Sea coast and about 2.5% of the total reserves of this sea, it is trying to transfer energy transmission lines from this country. Most of Russia's oil reserves in western Siberia are located between the Ural Mountains and the Siberian Plateau, but it also extracts oil from around the Autonomous Republic of Dagestan. In June 2000, Lukoil, Yukas and Gazprom referred to the Kremlin, the Caspian Oil Company, to develop new oil and gas fields in the Russian part of the Caspian Basin. And also formed in neighboring countries. During the collapse of the Soviet Union, all the energy pipelines of other republics led to Russia. In addition to providing economic security, energy transmission lines are also politically important to countries because of the cost of transit and the creation of complementary services and industries.

Chechen energy and war
Chechnya's rich mineral oil resources and the republic's economic underdevelopment, its location on the borders of the Russian Federation, and its privileged geopolitical position and foreign provocations are fueling the Chechen crisis. Russia had important geo-economic reasons for attacking Chechnya: the need to control resources, access resources, and secure control of the oil industry. The loss of the pipeline through Chechnya was a disaster for the Russians. But control of the republic's oil infrastructure increased Russia's influence and improved its regional image.

Republic of Azerbaijan
The Republic of Azerbaijan is located in the east of the Caucasus region on the west coast of the Caspian Sea, bordering Iran to the south, Turkey and Armenia to the west, Georgia to the northwest, and Russia to the north. It supplied 75 percent of Soviet oil in the 1940s. Offshore, there are deep-sea oil deposits, and crude oil is extracted directly from the seabed in the Dashlari oil resources, near Baku, and in the waters of the Caspian Sea. Production, exploitation, exploitation and processing of oil in the Republic of Azerbaijan has a long history. However, initial reports indicate that Baku's oil exports began during the 10th century from oil wells on the Absheron Peninsula with an average depth of 12-12 meters.

Tsarist Russia
As the Industrial Revolution flourished in Europe and the importance of fossil fuels in the life of industrial societies became apparent, a new approach to the use of oil resources was adopted around the world. Annual oil production from the Baku wells in 1843 reached 28,000,000 barrels of black oil and 106 barrels of black oil. By using drilling machines instead of traditional equipment, Russia's annual oil production increased from 41,000 barrels in 1863 to 204,000 barrels in 1870.. After the founding of the first oil company in Baku in 1872 by the Nobel Brothers and continued investment in this sector until the end of the 19th century, Baku became a center for global industrial investment. The construction of the Trans-Caucasian Railway in 1883, which connected the port of Batumi along the Black Sea to Baku, provided efficient and rapid access to world markets and enabled greater exploitation of the region's oil and, consequently, its transportation and export by rail.

Soviet Union period
With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of October 1917 and the collapse of the Tsarist Empire, the Democratic Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan formed and declared independence on May 28, 1918. But this ephemeral government came to an end in April 1920 following the arrival of the Red Army in Baku and the formation of the Soviet Socialist government in Azerbaijan. After that, for 70 years, the Republic of Azerbaijan became part of the structure of the Soviet Union. During this period, according to the former President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, oil, as the greatest wealth of the Azerbaijani people, was used to serve the interests of the Soviet Union. Since 1920, the exploration and exploitation of Caspian oil has been on the agenda of the Soviet policy-making apparatus. Accordingly, in the years 1922-23, the Bibi Hibat oil field was developed. In 1928, Azerbaijan's oil production increased significantly due to the development of extraction technologies due to the development of extraction technologies due to the development of oil wells in the Baku oil fields, which had accelerated since 1924.

Azerbaijan Independence Period
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan on October 18, 1991, a new era began for the country's oil industry. However, the country experienced difficult conditions during independence. From 1989 to 1994, the country's GDP fell by about 63 percent, the agricultural sector by about 43 percent and industrial production by about 60 percent. In addition to difficult economic conditions, factors such as the civil war for power, the conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, the deterioration of technology, poor exploitation, lack of investment for new drilling and modernization of existing wells reduced Azerbaijan's oil production from 20 million tons in 1970 to 10 million tons. In 1995 and 1.9 million tons in 1997. . There are many oil and gas fields in the Republic of Azerbaijan, the most important of which are: Azeri-Cheragh-Guneshli field with 7.5 billion tons of oil reserves, Shahid Deniz field with 1200 billion cubic meters of gas, Ashrafi-Dan Olduz field with 6 million tons of oil And 25 billion cubic meters of gas, Nakhchivan Basin with 300 billion cubic meters of gas, Inam Basin with 100 million tons of oil and 100 billion cubic meters of gas.

Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline
The construction and operation of this pipeline, along with the two "Contract of the Century" and the signing of the "Witness 2" contract, can be considered as a turning point in the new oil industry of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The length of this pipeline is 1768 km, which starts from Sangachal terminal near Baku and after 445 km in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan enters the territory of Georgia and continues to the Turkish port of Ceyhan.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan's total offshore and offshore hydrocarbon reserves are between 99 and 17.17 billion barrels. Most of Kazakhstan's oil production is located in the Tangiz, Qara Jaghank and Kashghan regions. Tangiz is located in a wetland on the northeastern shores of the Caspian Sea. Renewable oil resources are estimated at 9 to 67 billion barrels. Tangiz and Kashgan oil fields also have natural gas. Another important Kazakh gas field is Aman Goldi in the south of the country.

Kazakhstan North Oil and Gas Route
This route transports Kazakhstan oil and gas through the Black Sea and is supported by Russia. The Atiro-Samara pipeline is 695 km long, starting at the port of Atiro in Kazakhstan and ending at Samara in Rusbe, and reaching Russia, Belarus, Poland and Hungary via domestic lines. Due to Moscow's years of domination of Central Asia and the Caucasus, pipelines in the region were designed to connect oil and gas fields to Russia, and although some Russian pipelines are in use, they do not have the capacity to transport all the region's oil and gas. . Due to Moscow's years of domination of Central Asia and the Caucasus, pipelines in the region were designed to connect oil and gas fields to Russia, and although some Russian pipelines are in use, they have the capacity to transport all the region's oil and gas. does not have. Kazakhstan transports most of its oil exports from Russia to consumer markets, but this Russian route cannot meet the huge volume of exports. Therefore, diversification of export lines is the only option for Astana leaders to advance.

Turkmenistan
The sheer volume of gas reserves has kept the country away from many of the political and territorial conflicts that other similar countries are involved in. The Turkmen part of the Caspian Sea also has significant oil and gas. Turkmenistan's [continental shelf] resources account for about 30 to 40 percent of the country's total oil and gas reserves. Turkmen oil is mostly found in the Qaturtpeh, Nabit Dagh and Chelkan basins near the Caspian Sea. In terms of energy transmission routes, Turkmenistan has built a small pipeline that delivers about 3 billion cubic meters of gas to Iran.

Energy fields
Turkmenistan has eight major oil and gas fields. Turkmen oil is mostly found in the Qaturtpeh, Nabit Dagh and Chelken basins near the Caspian Sea. In terms of energy transmission routes, Turkmenistan has built a small pipeline that delivers about 3 billion cubic meters of gas to Iran. Another designed route is a 1,500-kilometer pipeline that runs through Afghanistan and Pakistan, its shores in the Indian Ocean, and possibly to India in the future. The disagreement between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan over how to divide the sea over other disputes. The ownership of Kapaz-Sardar has been created. The Turkmen government has high hopes for foreign companies to invest in the Caspian resources as soon as possible, and has made large investments in this sector. Companies contracted with Turkmenistan in the production of oil and gas products have a license to identify fields for up to six years. If hydrocarbon fields are discovered, they will receive a production license for 25 years. Among the main companies for the implementation of these projects are the Russian company Hera and the German company RWA.

Gas fields
 'Dolatabad-Denmz field:'  This field is the largest gas field in the country, which is located in the southeast and near the Iranian border and has about half of Turkmenistan's gas reserves.  'Shuttle Square:'  This field supplies about half of the country's production.  'South-Ottoman Yolotan Square:'  Discovered in 2008. The reserves of this field are estimated at 14 trillion cubic meters, which is estimated to be the fourth largest gas field in the world.

Resources
Category: Caspian Sea