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Amarna Tomb 1
Needs architecture section

Sennefer DeM
Sennefer's mummy decked with five floral collars and garlands: two groups of white lotuses with their stems tied in loops and three garlands made of vine and willow leaves.

Bad Dürrenberg burial
Artistic reconstruction by Karol Schauer served as inspo for the shaman in Alpha (2018).(Das Rätsel der Schamanin p. 19)

Nesyamun
Osburn's publication

Life and career
Name has been variously rendered over the years including Entsifamun, Esamun, Natsefamun. Osburn's 1828 study used the name Natsefamun - hieroglyphs had only been deciphered in 1822 so that the name was not correctly rendered is not surprising. That name has been used until recently. Name means "the one belonging to (the god) Amun".

God's father was a title of a senior priest. Generally, Nesyamun was involved in temple administration. He was one of the priests responsible for laying out the daily food offerings for the gods. The food would be redistributed to priests and other temple workers.

Thebes was ruled by the high priests of Amun at this time. Worked within Karnak temple complex - Amun, Mut, Khonsu, Montu.

Coffins
David sees cover as the lid of an innermost coffin of a two coffin set. Only securely dated Twentieth Dynasty coffin.

Mummy
Dark unguents were poured over the mummy while it was in the coffin. Red leather braces were destroyed in an air raid in World War II, same explosion that damaged mummy cover. Drawn for Osburn's publication. Bear name of Ramesses XI, last pharaoh of Twentieth Dynasty.

Body cavity has layer of resin and packing. Heart possibly present in chest. Much of abdominal wall was removed during original investigation.

Modern history
Nose is damaged and was probably damaged by flying debris in bomb blast.

KV40
Located in a side valley near the tomb of Thutmose III (KV34). North of KV59 and northwest of KV26. Shaft contained modern rubbish and limestone fill. Wasp nest shows shaft was clear for some time. Signs of fire. Wood damaged by fire and termites. Entrance preliminarily cleared at the end of the 2010 excavation season. Excavation started in 2011 by University of Basel's Kings' Valley Project.

Butehamun
Name means "Amun is safe" Ancient Egyptian scribe involved in the insepction and restoration of royal tombs and the reburial of royal mummies in the west of Thebes during the Wehem Mesut of the late New Kingdom and early Third Intermediate Period. He has two known wives, Ikhtay, and Shedemdua. He had at least seven sons who all became necropolis scribes and assistants to their father. He is well attested from the numerous graffiti inscriptions he left across the Theban necropolis recording inspections and reburials, including within the tombs of Horemheb and Ramesses III. He is also known from the Late Ramesside Letters, where a series of letters between him and his father Thutmose are preserved. Butehamun has many attested titles, ranging from simply "scribe" at the start of his career, to "scribe of the army", "scribe of the necropolis" and "royal scribe of the necropolis", to titles relating to his inspections of tombs and restoration of burials such as "who opens the doors of the hidden underworld" and "who opens the doors in the necroplis". Other titles are related to the Theban adiminstration, such as "overseer of the Theban temples works" and "overseer of the king's cattle".


 * Coffins and mummy
 * House

KV36
At the foot end of the rectangular coffin, on the east side was found his canopic box with the four canopic jars in it. Next to it was the Book of the Dead of Maiherpri and several boxes with mummified pieces of meat. At the head of the coffins many pottery vessels were found. Other objects from this tomb are stone vases, a senet game, a nicely painted faience bowl, a quiver, a glass vase and a funerary bed with the shape of Osiris laid out in wheat.

Plan:
 * Titles. Child of the royal nursery - raised alongside royal children (half sibling or foreign royalty). Fanbearer = royal bodyguard, possibly accompanied king in battle. Orsenigo thinks it was an administrative title only
 * Contents - things found in tomb, ending with mention of ancient robbery and what had been taken/what is missing eg: clothing, fabric, metal and (intact) glass vessels, oils, ushabti. Lead into body being robbed
 * Body found inside coffin sets but disturbed by robbers. Mask, traces of gold sandals. Unwrapped when, by whom. Findings of examination

Name can be translated "Lion on the Battlefield". Titled "child of the nursery" also translated as "child of the inner palace" (ẖrd n kꜣp) which indicated he grew up with the king. May have been the son of a Nubian vassal who was sent to be raised at the Egyptian court. Alternatively was the son of the king by a Nubian minor wife, growing up alongside the future ruler. Regardless of his origins, he was likely a close friend of the king and received the honour of a burial in the Valley of the Kings. Lakomy sees him as a contemporary of Thutmose III, may have gone on campaign with him. Suggests he is identical to the Nubian depicted alongside Thutmose III in the tomb of Useramun TT131 (stylistically very similar to depiction of Maiherpri in his Book of the Dead).

Maiherpri's large sarcophagus containing his nested coffins and mummy was placed close to the northern wall and at its foot, closer to the door, was his canopic chest; his copy of the Book of the Dead lay on the floor in front of the chest. Food offerings and bouquets were piled nearby in the northeastern corner while 13 large jars containing embalming material were clustered against the western wall. Against the south wall was an "Osiris bed" with germinated wheat; various objects, including ceramic and alabaster vessels, quivers, arrows and two dog collars were scattered in the general vicinity. In the centre of the chamber was an upturned coffin and its lid.

Small glass bottle, imitation Cypriot ring juglet in faience. Senet board is made of acacia and ebony. Howard Carter cleared the area around KV36 in 1903 and discovered a wooden box bearing Maiherpri's name that contained two leather mesh loincloths. Discovered 26 February 1903. Box inscribed with Maiherpri's name and titles. Soldiers are depicted wearing similar styles in reliefs from Deir el Bahri.

Two leather quivers. One was yellow with a tooled design. The decoration is Near Eastern in style. The other rose-coloured with pieced multi-coloured decoration.

Sarcophagus 2.81 m long and has a pitched roof with end boards. Marks were made on the ends of each panel to assisted in the assembly.

Corner of a sheet wrapping Maiherpri's mummy was embroidered with Nekhbet and Wadjet with Hatshepsut's throne name written in ink next to it. Maiherpri's mummy mask completely covers the head and shoulders and is similar in style to that of Hatnofer, the mother of Senenmut. Pieces of gold were found on the soles of his feet, indicating the body was equipped with gold sandals. Similar gilded sandals were part of the Eighteenth Dynasty burials of three foreign wives of Thutmose III, Thuya, and Tutankhamun.

Mummy was unwrapped by Georges Daressy on 22 March 1901.

His copy of the Book of the Dead is "among the finest and earliest illustrated examples". He is depicted with dark skin and short curly hair and wears a choker and necklace of amulets in rather than the usual broad collar. The style of the figures dates it to the early Eighteenth Dynasty.

No ushabti. Possibly stolen by thieves but were not always included in burials.

Ramose and Hatnefer
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3255341

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3255037?seq=1 - Boki and family

TT1
Sennedjem

Tomb of Sennedjem


 * https://www.mfk-nuernberg.de/wp-content/uploads/Bildprogramm-Grab-des-Sennedjem1.pdf

Tomb
Lintel and one door frame were sold to the Anthropological Museum, University of California; the other frame was stored in Deir el-Medina. Door latch and the associated mud seal unknown location according to Bruyère.


 * add mention of mummification material in side chambers. Excavations of chapel/tomb by Bruyère.
 * add more on ushabti. Mention of Iyneferti's ushabti in Museo Egizio dating to before tomb was found and were probably from one of the looted burial shafts

Examinations

 * Derry's publication, Leek's publication of Carter's notes
 * Derry's autopsy
 * Reeves' Complete Tutankhamun


 * Use mostly Derry/Leek/Reeves' publication, use Carter for detail.


 * T.G.H.James - examination of mummy rescheduled so Lacau could attend

[Carter and Mohammed Saleh Hamdi https://www.academia.edu/62988475/Ikram_An_Epistolary_Footnote_Howard_Carter_Saleh_Hamdi_Bey_and_Tutankhamun_s_Mummy_AeAT_97_FS_Regine_Schulz_Carter_letter]

Unwrapping justified - leaving the mummy of the king wrapped with jewellery would invite robbery.


 * X-rays and CT-scanning - all the diagnoses

X-rayed using a portable x-ray machine. Resin noted as having a sweet smell. Noted that body and limbs were in pieces and that the chest wall was missing. Head and neck separated from torso, arms disarticulated at the shoulder, elbow, wrist. Legs separated at hips. Left leg disarticulated at the knee, right leg separated upon handling. Torso cut in half. Eyelids open. Skull cap was mostly gone. Two levels of resin inside skull - one across the top of the skull, and the other at the back of the skull. Wisdom teeth clarification - bottom right erupted, bottom left erupting, neither of the top had erupted. Perfectly healthy teeth, no wear, cavitites, etc. No sign of tuberculosis. Stray necklace beads seen on torso and humerus. Age at death estimated to be 18. Feet slightly compressed, no bunions.

CT-scanning - October 2004 SCA Egyptian Mummy Project given a portable CT-scanner by National Geographic and Siemens - to investigate royal Egyptian mummies. CT-scanner taken to Tutankhamun's tomb in January 2005, parked outside the king's tomb. After 6pm the mummy of the king, on its sand tray, was moved from the tomb to the CT-scanner, scanned, and placed back in the tomb. Postural scoliosis. Partially cleft palate. Mild overbite. Height estimated at 1.70 m. Age estimated at 18-20. Hawass attributes the missing chest wall to Carter's unwrapping. Fracture to the left femur, with embalming material inside it - indicating an open and healing wound that occurred before death. Not deadly on its own - resulting infection, embolism, etc could be. Bone fragments inside skull are loose as they are in different positions to previous x-rays - likely a result of modern unwrapping. No sign of head trauma. Researchers "did not find any indication in the bones denoting severe acute, chronic, or congenital disease."


 * DNA


 * DNA testing - rejects diagnoses of a genetic condition causing physical appearance seen in art and early death. Sibling parents.

Health
DNA testing revealed the presence of Plasmodium falciparum, the most severe type of malaria.
 * Malaria

Re-examination of the 2005 CT data indicated that Tutankhamun had a flat right foot and a clubbed left foot with avascular necrosis of the second and third metatarsals (Köhler disease II). However, the diagnosis of clubfoot is disputed. James Gamble suggests that the foot is not clubbed but a result of Tutankhamun habitually walking on the outside of his foot due to the pain caused by Köhler disease II. Harrison report notes no abnormalities and characterises both feet as "cramped" by bandaging.

The sticks and staves from the tomb show no sign of the wear expected if they were essential mobility aids. Footwear is worn equally on both feet, where wear is present.


 * Many theorised conditions

Juvenile arthritis or Klippel-Feil syndrome suggested due to seemingly lack of intervertebral discs - appearance due to resin entering the spinal column during the mummification process.

Cause of death
Carter notes body itself showed "no traces of the cause or causes of the young king's death." "Examination...afforded no clue to the cause of his early death."


 * Malaria + leg infection
 * Sickle-cell anemia
 * Theorised blow to head, chariot crash, hippo attack etc



KV11
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26747984

https://www.ramesses-iii-project.com/english/publications/

Gabolde DNA https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01918392/document

Menhet, Menwi and Merti
Headdresses - only one initially recognised - the headdress of palm-shaped skull-plate and dangling rosettes were not initially recognised as being from the same item. Rosettes thought to come from a corslet not unlike that found in the tomb of Tutankhamun. Headdress weighs just over 1 kg but missing much of the glass inlay so Winlock considered that the weight must have been double that. Headdress was probably originally longer. No report of a headdress for the third lady. Gazelle-headed one - six rosettes. Bands end in leopard heads that hold rings for cords of bands used to tie it. Seven rings across the forehead to attach pendants. The women were not the Great Royal Wife and therefore were not entitled to wear the uraeus or vulture "some Eighteenth Dynasty person, feeling that all the ladies in the king's harim should have an insignia of some sort on their foreheads, had the inspired idea of giving them pairs of these charming little gazelle heads. Indeed...the gazelle was looked upon as the embodiment of all the grace with which the other ladies in the king's harim were endowed." Winlock identified the earrings as wig rings.

Collars - hawks heads with drops. Lotus with king's prenomen, nefer-beads and flowers. Wear suggests it was worn in life. Single collar terminal in the shape of a lotus, inlay is stone so has survived. Backs of pieces have hieroglyphs and other markings, probably indicating stringing order.

Two mirrors with handles in the shape of a composite Hathor-head and papyrus umbel. Gold foil over wood, mirrors of silver. The larger has inlaid eyes, the smaller has incised details and is inscribed with the name of Thutmose III.

Uncertainty over the exact jewellery present in the tomb, as it was obtained on the art market, often with uncertain provenance. Gazelle diadem. Wear indicates it was worn in life. The design is busy, with both rosettes and gazelle heads. The construction is inconsistent in quality, with some parts such as the gazelle heads and leopard heads at the end of the bands being very finely made, while other areas such as the attachment of the rosettes exhibit excessive amounts of solder. Gazelle diadems are depicted in art from the Eighteenth Dynasty, but no other gazelle diadem survives from ancient Egypt. It seems to have been associated with the goddess Hathor and with the women of the royal harem, as it is depicted being worn by princesses and royal ornaments. However, although the diadem is "overdesigned...it is not inconsistent with the period and society."

Given the nature of its discovery, there is uncertainty over the exact contents of the tomb. Some of the items reported initially, such as inscribed gold beads and a bowl with frogs on the rim, may not have existed at all. Howard Carter tracked down and purchased most of the items with the financial backing of Lord Carnarvon, knowing that the pieces would quickly become separated on the antiquities market. The main purchaser was the Luxor antiquities dealer Mohammed Mohassib, among other dealers in Luxor and Cairo. Other pieces were bought directly from Qurna residents.


 * other museums that hold items
 * non-authentic items bought

KV42
plates for tomb on pp.316 of pdf

TT8
No mirror present in tomb.

Russo suggests he is the "royal scribe Kha" attested on jars from the palace complex of Malkata dating to the Sed (jubilee) festival in Amenhotep III's year 35.

Architecture
Schiaparelli never published the tomb's measurements.

Given his role in the construction of royal tombs, Kha probably participated in the construction of his own tomb (and chapel) along with his sons or workmen.

Layout
1901 robbery

In late November 1901 the tomb was robbed. The three night guards reported that on the night of 24 November a group of thirteen armed men had held them at gunpoint and robbed the tomb. They gave chase but the thieves escaped after shooting at the guards. Later inspection noted that the mummy of Amenhotep II had been rifled, the 'body on the boat' torn to pieces, and the boat itself stolen.

Carter doubted the authenticity of the story recounted by the guards, with his investigation leading him to conclude that the robbery had taken place some time before the claimed 24 November and that the guards had fabricated the story. He identified the culprit as the same person who had robbed TT88 earlier that November based on the similar methodology of both break-ins - the lock was forced and then repaired to appear intact. The single perpetrator was barefoot; measurements of the footprints identified Mohamed Abd el Rasol, one of the three men recognised by the guards, as the likely perpetrator.

Royal Tomb at Amarna




KV8 Merenptah
REPORT OF WORK DONE IN UPPER EGYPT (1903-1904) ASAE VI 1905 pp.116-119

Complete clearance. Previous work had only cleared as far as chamber V. Walls of lower chambers badly water damaged, with decoration only visible on parts of upper walls and ceiling.

description of clearance

KV17 Seti I
Carter notes desintegration of decoration and structure - paintings damaged through making of wet squeezes, parts of painted reliefs have been hacked out, parts of columns and door-jams removed, ceiling blackened with smoke. 11 February 1901 a portion of the ceiling and a column collapsed. April 1902 the end wall of vaulted chamber K subsided, taking down parts of the ceiling and wall over doorway of chamber L, which also caused fractures in an adjacent wall and movement in the doorway to chamber M. Carter braced the unstable walls, and constructed archways of English-sourced bricks to support doorways. Any masonry fragments that could be replaced in their original locations were. Fissures in the rock were closed with clamps. Subsided wall had the unstable rock removed and rebuilt with brick masonry. Ancient limestone facing at floor level in chamber K was replaced with bricks. Steel girders supported by four steel columns installed in vestibule J, columns repaired and strengthened, jams patched with cement. Patching column in upper chamber, painting new work to match old. Rebuilt left hand side of entrance stair with cement, faced treads with wood, installed handrail.

Hard limestone stops 60 cm above the floor, softer tafle rock begins.

Robert Monde gave Lst. 50 for repairs to the tomb, cost exceeded by 30 L. E. 638 mill.

Totally excavated by Carter 1905

More refs for further reading if I need it

 * https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6496453_Paleopathology_of_the_commoners_at_Tell_Amarna_Egypt_Akhenaten's_capital_city


 * https://scholarworks.uark.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1887&context=etd

North Tombs Cemetery
Three areas, largest in break in cliff. 140 graves containing at least 232 people. Even less grave goods, no wooden coffins. Much higher incidence of multiple burials. Almost entirely subadults and young adults. Possibly organised into neighbourhoods, or staff/dependents of Panehesy in the case of the area close to his rock tomb.(discrete villages of dependents around large town houses ) However, this area is 200m long so maybe also served as burial ground for residents of northern suburbs.

Refs to look at again:
 * The cemeteries of Amarna. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 101, 17–27. Tell El-Amarna, 2014–15 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/030751331510100101
 * Beyond iconography: the Amarna coffins in social context, in Ancient Egyptian Coffins: Craft, Tradition and Function, eds. Taylor, J.H. & Vandenbeusch, M.. Leuven: Peeters
 * The chapter in Egyptian Bioarchaeology

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