User:Meters/Edmonton coal mines

notes for possible article about Edmonton (or Edmonton area?) coal mines

More than 150 known, many just gopher holes in side of river valley. Mining started before provincial registration so some locations are not certain, and undoubtedly some small operation not known

First mines in Province were here. HBC used local coal for Fort Edmonton's forge. first coal stove imported 1874. First City gas supply (1,880 customers) in summer of 1923from Viking field, https://www.ponokanews.com/community/reflections-of-ponoka-albertas-rich-heritage-history-of-natural-gas/ http://history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/gas/local-markets-only/global-events-affect-albertas-industry/edmonton-hesitates.aspx#page-2 but large scale gas usage not until ca mid-late 40's (check this... I've seen actual refs for the date)

Alberta coal not of highest quality, far from Eastern markets and had to be shipped by rail (expensive) so not competitive with Pennsylvanian coal in Eastern Canada, or even on West Coast. Some sales to Saskatchewan. http://www.albertahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/books/ALBERTAS_COAL_INDUSTRY_1919.pdf

https://static.ags.aer.ca/files/document/ESR/ESR_1961_01.pdf Clover Bar Coal Zone, Research Council of Alberta, 1961

Last mine in Edmonton area closed in 1978 Star-Key Mine, closed 4 years after article. Laurence Herzog in "Real Estate Weekly" says first mine was below Chateau Lacombe in 1881. Hudson Bay possibly in 1840s. More than 95% of Edmonton coal between 1874–1970 from Clover bar seam near Rundle Park. 1881-1970 more than 100 mines in valley, 17 of which survived in to 20th Century. Locations of significant early mines mentioned: east of Dawson Bridge, east of High Level Bridge, Riverdale, Mill Creek Ravine. Star-Key Mine was 10 km east of St Albert. Operated 1945-1978. a 40-year retrospective of an article originally published in Edmonton Journal on Febeuary 19 1974 (not worth using). One of the mines that gave rise to the Coal Mine Road in the area. Q: is this the Carbondale mine? don't think so https://www.stalbertgazette.com/local-news/the-buried-past-1298272 last of Carbondale's 25 mines ca 1956.

Strathcona Country ref https://www.strathcona.ca/council-county/history-and-heritage/themes/coal-oil-and-industry/

Major mines
17 major historic mines (more than 200 ktonnes):
 * Humberstone Mine, which started in 1899 near 30th Street north of 111th Avenue, 107' hoist shaft, workings river W to 35 St, 110 to 118 Ave. Fire in seam by 1901 and continued until mine closed in 1934, Equipment and tracks abandoned in place, tunnels later used as part of Bevely's sewer system    What about the Humberstone mine at 101 Ave and Jasper? This must be what is sometimes called the Old Humberstone Mine
 * Davidson Bush Mine, entrances west of 36th Street and south of 104th Avenue. 1917 to 1944. later a gravel pit
 * Beverly Mine, east end 1931 to 1951. This was (at least initially) a cooperative mine under municipal sponsorship, to provide royalty profits to the town and employment for local miners out of work during the Depression. The town of Beverly bough the coal rights under the town, and offered 500 $100 shares; 90% of the purchasers were town residents. Finances were so tight that the town's wooden sidewalks were torn up to crib the main shaft, the miners were paid with shares, and the company had to borrow funds to purchase equipment. The mine went bankrupt in 1933 and was taken over by the lender.
 * Black Diamond largest production, longest running. Pit head in Strathcona Science Park
 * Whitemud Creek mine (at Rainbow Valley campground) was the last Edmonton coal mine, closed in 1970
 * Old Bush 1905-14 41 kt  entrances 29 st  107 108 109 Aves (for both workings) seam fire 1922 at 30 st 108 Ave sealed off but broke out again in 1925 and had to be sealed again
 * New Bush confusing... Beverly refers to two workings for Old Bush (05-14 100' and 14-25 130' 487 kt), as well as Bush (Davidson) 17-44 705 kt
 * clover bar 6 mines consolidated, 85' hoist shaft, 116 Ave to Yellowhead, river to 34 st, 1907 "fire in part of seam for years"
 * Fraser-McKay
 * Kent
 * Marcus
 * New Ottewell
 * Pen, Chinook near Latta Ravine, so which mine was the still extant adit near 82 St?
 * Premier
 * Red Hot
 * Standard
 * Dawson Coal Mine, founded by H.S. Dawson around 1907 east of Dawson Bridge
 * Chinook Coal Mine, Riverdale started 1918 is this the same as the Latta Ravine mine?
 * Twin City Mine in Mill Creek Ravine

hmm... I have 18 lsited

two other interesting mines
 * Strathcona Mine south bank of the river valley, just east of the High Level Bridge. this was in the middle of what is now the city's pitch and putt facility behind Kinsmen. Production only 71 ktonnes
 * St Albert 1911-16 only 28 ktonnes, but deepest shaft was 98 m (a failure)

1907 mine fire. Was this the mine that was at the south end on the High Level Bridge? ERCB Coal Mine Atlas lists a Walter/Ross mine, mine 0047 called the Strathcona Mine (Strathcona Mine Co), operated 1905-1911, produced 71.4 ktonnes so that all fits. at Twp 52, Range 24, Section 29, W4, Map shows this is the correct mine. Note: online vesion of ERCB Atlas here: https://www.aer.ca/providing-information/data-and-reports/statistical-reports/st45 shows the modern streets above the workings. pic of gravestoen here https://albertalabour.blogspot.com/2019/09/walters-mine-disaster-1907.html

direct link to ERCB map finder with mine maps and streets https://extmapviewer.aer.ca/AERCoalMine/Index.html

Edmonton Penitentiary even had its own coal mine near Rat Creek... there is a concreted shaft in the vicinity... possibly related. Someone posted online about gaining official access.. follow up. Actually thiw was the Pen/Penn/Chinook operated 1907 to 1930, but with convict labour 1907-1919. One source says was known as "Pen" when operated by convicts, and as "Penn" afterwards (Penn seems to have been working a deeper seam). Note that the Pen undermined the penitentiary laundry building

https://www.edmonton.ca/sites/default/files/public-files/assets/Dawson_Master_Plan20191128.pdf mentions 5 mines in Dawson park and Kinnaird Ravine. also discusses 1915 flood re number of homes flooded etc https://www.edmonton.ca/sites/default/files/public-files/documents/PDF/EnvironmentalSensitivitiesReport_Dawson_Public.pdf

https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/asset-management/2R3BF1TV9R0?FR_=1&W=1011&H=434 Rabbit Hill Ellerslie Collieries explosiona d fir killed 2 and badly burned third

Colorado School of Mines https://inside.mines.edu/UserFiles/File/library/PDF/Archive/CAN-ALB-IndexMine.pdf lists 29 deaths under "Edmonton" and additional entries under specific mine names. Note that entries are repeated when found in more than one source. inside.mines.edu domain has been deprecated, now at https://www.mines.edu/ but have not found this file yet

http://www.history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/coal/the-early-development-of-the-coal-industry-1874-1914/early-methods-and-technology/edmontons-first-power-plant.aspx edmonton coal power plant 1891, moved to Rossdale 1902

1930 flooding rink at about 92 St and 106 Ave. Water disappeared and came out abandoned mine adit on hillside at 10345 92 St where Joe Milner lived. (found a ref that referred to this mine as "Twin City" I believe... check) His old mine, son of John Milner of Milner's Mine and Hill. Ledge still there...the one at the end of the abandoned road (still had wooden sidewalk when I moved here), and at bottom of stair case pg 33. Gopher hole mines at Grierson Hill. Milner's Hill (east below Alex Taylor School),further east at Snake Hill (where is this? my guess so far is towards the spit of land between the river and Rat Creek (now Kinnaird Ravine)) P34, Donald Ross and William Humberstone both claimed to have opened the first mine p 34, Ross's mine was the one that undermined the school (later Alberta College loc'n) p 34, 14 tunnels known at Grierson Hill p 34. 19 operating coal mines in 1885

https://cityarchives.edmonton.ca/milner-john west side of the Latta Ravine (part of River Lot 20 known now as Riverdale) Milner’s Mine and the area often referred to as Milner’s Hill. original Milner mine later part of the Edmonton Penitentiary grounds, where prisoners mined coal to heat the pen. (approx Clarke Stadium now) mined area until early 1900's by when he and sons were mining Clover Bar area

Maps

 * Mundy's Edmonton District #2 undated 1920's https://cityarchives.edmonton.ca/uploads/r/city-of-edmonton-archives/d/c/4/dc4b1210b60961aede03089a9464a0c1d92f9f556b0392b7b05f11c3957f33fd/EAM-226.jpg shows location of some later mines: Ritchie, Dawson, Twin City, White Star, Standard, Frank, Cloverbar, Humberstone, Great Western. Also shows EYPR
 * Humberstone workings 1917 https://cityarchives.edmonton.ca/uploads/r/city-of-edmonton-archives/a/9/3/a93129f4198aa4647687334bee4f6a4417569c238c9aa4cb993f9f9dc3fb79b3/EAM-233.jpg shows mine workings relative to 118 Ave and 34 St
 * NE Edmonton, ca. 1912 https://cityarchives.edmonton.ca/uploads/r/city-of-edmonton-archives/8/f/2/8f282d092feef5c0ce22b603a8d48e97b876fa4f0a6b4fad8af140d600b797b3/EAM-579.jpg Dawson, Standard, shows Penitentiary grounds

Ground instability
Many instances of collapsed shafts, land slips, instability, or ground subsidence due to mine workings. Some of these were while mines were being worked, and others decades afterwards. Some of these may be very difficult or impossible to document


 * College Avenue School (now McDonald Drive). First brick school, built in 1895, served both elementary and high school. 1903-11 high school only, as Edmonton High School. By 1896 it was already sinking. Various repairs attempted to no avail. high school moved to a new brick building 1 mile north on 101 St, Demolished 1918  Name of new school changed from edmonton High School to Victoria High School in 1913
 * Beverly Mine ground subsidence on 44 Street from 114 to 116 Avenues.
 * "Mining companies, keen to cash in on the coal boom, often failed to follow the rules, and many underground tunnels were never documented. One company reported seven drift mines, but then they actually found 21. A failure to fully document the mines has been a problem for Edmonton developers for decades."
 * Bush (Davidson) 1921 mine inspection report found seven drifts into river valley bank, but only one was shown on maps of the mine.
 * Strathcona Mine fire that killed six men: the fatality inquiry's jury "censured the Strathcona Coal Company for not sinking another air shaft in the mine as required by the province."
 * Ivor Dent school delayed (2017) and also mentioned here
 * shaft opened in Sunridge Valley ski hill (early 1980's?). Opened 19080 as part of Strathcona Science Park, contracted out in 1983 as Hidden Ridge Ski Area. 1988 new contractor as Sunridge Ski Area https://www.sunridgeskiarea.com/history.aspx
 * room and pillar resulted in visible ground waves, N side of river. Ada Blvd and East at golf course? 17th fairway of Highland Gold Course.
 * utility boring machine lost to mine shaft in downtown. personal anecdote, recounted to me ca 1980, unlikely to find source
 * 1901 land slip near convention centre, convention centre engineering. Humberstone mine, 9000 tonnes plus other smaller mines. Mine and many buildings damaged. Continued for years. 500 yards long, crest back to 101 Ave, Jasper
 * https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/the-corners-tower-plan-fizzles-leaving-gaping-hole-downtown-1.3356524 again, would be the Humberstone
 * searchgate.net/publication/237375327_Slope_instability_in_the_City_of_Edmonton
 * Humberstone farm livestock lost to shafts https://citymuseumedmonton.ca/2015/11/17/the-prins/ (the New Humberstone mine)
 * https://edmontonjournal.com/life/homes/neighbourhood-spotlight-beverly-offers-living-history-lesson
 * Nrw Humberstone caving to surface in 1915 and 1917 https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/edmonton_archives/humberstone-mine-company
 * Latta Ravine bridge and houses in area undermined. led to closure of mine. This was the Pen mine. https://citymuseumedmonton.ca/2016/06/21/the-history-of-the-latta-bridge/
 * https://www.canadianconsultingengineer.com/awards/pdfs/2013/C4_WestEdmontonW12Drainage.pdf pg2, https://pub-edmonton.escribemeetings.com/filestream.ashx?DocumentId=39046 pg 14 2011 West Edmonton Sanitary Sewer encountered old coal mine workings and methane
 * Anthony Henday bridges: special foundations required for bridges in coal mine areas. Driven Steel Piles in Clay Shale on Northeast Anthony Henday Drive in Edmonton, Mahmoud Soliman, David Walter, Ben Crabtree & Ahreum Lee Amec Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure, Edmonton, AB, Canada https://members.cgs.ca/conferences/GeoEdmonton/papers/geo2018Paper414.pdf
 * for details see Soliman, M. and Walter, D.J. 2016. Design of Bridge Foundations over Abandoned Underground Coal Mine Workings in Edmonton, 69th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Vancouver, Canada. October 2 to 5, 2016.
 * http://conf.tac-atc.ca/english/annualconference/tac2015/s18/wu.pdf Build a Safe Bridge over Worked Coal Mines, Zichao Wu, Ph.D., P.Eng., PE, AECOM, Bo Hu, Ph.D., P.Eng., PE, AECOM, Sheldon Foley, P.Eng., Flatiron Construction, Rob Richardson, PE, Flatiron Construction 9 of 47 bridges required special supports due to possible subsidence from old mines

Taylor, Richard Spence, 1971, Atlas: Coal Mine Workings of the Edmonton Area (Edmonton: Spence Taylor and Associates Limited) Several mentions of subsidences. Not easy to find a copy. I once had one brought in from a BC library. Hard copy at Alberta Archives and U of A. Online at https://archive.org/details/edm-coal-atlas-1971
 * longwall used in several mines, but only one had significant production form longwall mining.