User:Mf6130/Feruloyl esterase/Bibliography

You will be compiling your bibliography and creating an outline of the changes you will make in this sandbox.

Outline


 * Fill in the lead section with more details of the general knowledge known about feruloyl esterases
 * Create at least a few sections about FAE
 * Structure and enzymatic activity
 * Classification and phylogeny
 * Plant development
 * Human digestion
 * Applications
 * biomass processing
 * other (antioxidants and food flavorings)

Outline of proposed changes
Click on the edit button to draft your outline.

Introduction: elaborate on existing introduction

Plant development
 * Add to the names that already exists: ferulic acid esterases, cinnamic acid esterases, cinnamoyl esterases, and cinnamoyl ester hydrolases, and chlorogenate esterases.
 * Include additional potential products produced by the reaction. They release phenolic compounds like ferulic, p-coumaric, caffeic, and sinapic acids from CWs. They also release hydroxycinnamates from fiber digested by humans.
 * The reaction is concerted. The intermediate is tetrahedral. The rate determining step is the deacylation step. I would like to borrow their image they have for the mechanism.
 * Reaction steps: acylation of nucleophilic serine followed by acylation.
 * Substrates: alpha-napthyl acetate, umbelliferyl acetat, and umbelliferyl butyrate
 * Regulation: ferulic acid and related compounds causes FAE production
 * Additional information about the reaction: FAEs are enzymes that hydrolyze ester bonds between ferulic acid and the plant CW. Their action allows other CWDE to deconstruct the plant CW.
 * Provide a roadmap for the rest of the article. Feruloyl esterases can be broken down into three sections: plant development, human digestions, and biomass processing. This review goes over each section.
 * The first FAEs were found in the 80s.


 * FAE prevents the guard cells from stomata from opening suggesting that it helps in cell flexibility.
 * FAE activity was found in barley, but it has not been purified yet.
 * In barley FAE might have a role in developing the grain.
 * FAE is found in the genome of Arabidopsis, rice, and maize.
 * It is still not clear what role FAE plays in cell wall development and alteration.

Structure


 * Enzyme structure of L. Buchneri FAE has an unusual dimer shape. Could be good for a general structure section.
 * FAEs are stable in many conditions. pH 3-10 and 20-75 degrees C.
 * We have the structure of A. niger and Aspergillus oryzae
 * They have a conserved See-His-Asp/Glu catalytic domain.

Phylogeny and Classification


 * This review goes into detail about how FAE contributes to biomass decomposition, the biochemistry and conditions, the phylogenetic relationships, a new classification system, and other applications.
 * Initially FAEs were classified under four types (A, B, C, D) based on it's substrate preference, however the phylogenetic evidence did not match up with this classification system. A new phylogenetic analysis splits FAEs into 13 subfamilies (maybe include tree?).

Human digestion


 * There are esterases in the gut that can release phenolic acids to aid in digestion.
 * Gut microflora also contain FAEs

Applications

Biomass processing


 * Feruloyl esterases have the potential to help us release more free carbohydrates. It appears tissue specific and works best in combination.

Antioxidants and food flavors


 * Applications of FAEs include biomass decomposition and as a source of modified antioxidants and food flavors.
 * FAEs produce ferulic acid which are used as antioxidants, in sunscreen to absorb UV light, depigmenting agent in skin care products, precursor to produce vanillin and guaiacol