User:Mgandsi/Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology

The Robert S. Peabody Museum is one of the nation's repositories of Native American archaeological collections. Major collections include materials from the Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, Southwest, Mexico, and the Arctic, and range from Paleo Indian (10,000+ years ago) to the present day. Since its founding in 1901 through the bequest of Robert Singleton Peabody, the museum has been an important center for archaeological research and education. An 1857 graduate of Phillips Academy with a passionate interest in archaeology, Peabody wanted to encourage young people's interest in the sciences, and to foster respect and appreciation for Native American peoples who have inhabited this hemisphere for thousands of years.

History
The Robert S. Peabody Museum has served as a major center for fieldwork, research, and publication since its founding in 1901. Peabody, an 1857 graduate of Phillips Academy, established the Museum as the repository for his collection of approximately 38,000 artifacts and as a place where students could become acquantied with the discipline of archaeology.

As the museum’s first director, his son Charles initiated the strong emphasis on research with excavations in 1901 at the Dorr Mound, Mississippi, Jacob’s Cavern, Missouri in 1903 and Bushy Cavern, Maryland in 1904, among others. His excavations used an early form of grid system and produced some of the first well-documented evidence of man in association with extinct fauna. His 1904 report on Jacob’s Cavern inaugurated the museum’s long history of research and publication.

Warren K. Moorehead, appointed curator in 1901 and second director in 1924, conducted fieldwork throughout North America. He undertook extensive regional surveys and excavations in the Arkansas River Valley, Northwest Georgia and coastal Maine from 1907 to 1938. Work at Etowah, Hopewell, the Cahokia Mounds, and “Red Paint” sites in Maine added about 200,000 objects and provided some of the most valuable early collections. Moorehead was appointed by Theodore Roosevelt to the Board of Indian Commissioners in 1909. He investigated claims of fraud at the Annishinabe Reservation at White Earth Minnesota, exposing illegal seizure of reservation land by lumber and land companies. The museum curates photographs documenting the work and gifts from Annishinabe people whose land was eventually returned.

Between 1915 and 1929 A. V. Kidder excavated sites in the Pecos Valley, New Mexico and elsewhere in the American southwest. Kidder is known as the “father of archaeology” for his demonstration of the value of stratigraphic excavation in the Americas. With Carl Guthe and Anna O. Shepard, Kidder’s analysis resulted in the first full chronology of southwestern archaeology. Inspired by questions raised at Pecos, Carl Guthe and Elsie Clews Parsons conducted ethnographic studies at Jemez and San Ildefonso Pueblos in the first use of analogy with the present as a tool in archaeological interpretation. The excavations at Pecos and related sites recovered more than 25,000 artifacts. Earnest Hooton at Harvard’s Peabody Museum studied the more than 2,000 sets of human remains from Pecos in the first physical anthropological study of population groups through time. In 1927 Kidder held the first Pecos Conference, initiating regional archaeological conferences. The Pecos Conferences were first sponsored by the Peabody and later hosted by participating institutions.

Third director, Douglas S. Byers, and curator Fred Johnson were national leaders in research and publication from 1938 through 1968. The Robert S. Peabody “Foundation for Archaeological Research” updated and revised cataloging, artifact storage systems, exhibits and publications. Fieldwork was focused on identifying the New England stratigraphic sequence. Johnson pioneered interdisciplinary paleoecological analysis for archaeological interpretation, applying it first to the Boylston Street Fish Weir in 1939. Excavation of Paleoindian occupations at the Bull Brook and Debert sites during the 1950s and 60s employed Pleistocene geology as an analytical tool. Extensive work was also undertaken in the Yukon and in Mexico. These excavations, plus several significant private collections, added another 200,000 objects.

The RSPM hosted the initial meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in 1935 and inaugurated the Massachusetts Archaeological Society five years later. During the 1950s Fred Johnson chaired the American Anthropological Association committee linking the needs of archaeologists with the expertise of Willard F. Libby to develop Carbon 14 dating for archaeological sites. The Peabody hosted the 1954 Conference on Radiocarbon Dating and the 1956 International Conference on Radiocarbon Dating with representatives from seven European countries, Canada, and the United States.

In 1968, Richard “Scotty” MacNeish was appointed Director. His major excavations in Mexico, Peru, and Belize investigated the origins of agriculture. MacNeish’s discoveries of early corn and the pre-ceramic sequence in Mexico provided crucial insight into plant and animal domestication and the beginnings of sedentary life in the New World. This work is considered one of the most important interdisciplinary studies in 20th century American archaeology. His contributions to archaeology were acknowledged through more than a dozen medals and honors, including his election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1974. The Museum curates the type collections published in the Tehuacan volumes and the personal papers, field notes, maps, photographs and publications constituting the MacNeish library and archives.

The museum was dormant after MacNeish’s 1983 retirement until the arrival of James W. Bradley in 1990. Bradley renamed the institution the Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and revived the museum’s research and educational functions, achieved broad use of the museum’s resources within Phillips Academy, inaugurated two highly successful expeditionary learning programs and reactivated the Research Associate program. Innovative work directed toward NAGPRA compliance resulted in a national model for partnerships with tribes. Bradley’s emphasis on collection management, acquisition of significant private collections, and building relations with native communities, avocational archaeologists, educators and professional museum and archaeology constituencies, rebuilt the museum’s national significance.

The Peabody Today
Today, under director Malinda Blustain, the museum continues its primary role as a teaching museum and unparalleled educational resource for Phillips Academy and its community. Museum programs strive to:


 * Study and preserve the record of Native American cultures as reflected in archaeological, ethnographic and documentary collections.
 * Serve as an educational resource for teaching archaeology as an interdisciplinary science at Phillips Academy, in the greater community and for the interested public.
 * Teach understanding and appreciation of human culture diversity to prepare students, through knowledge and respect, to live in a multicultural, global community.
 * Explore interactions and relationships between the social sciences (human behavior) and the natural sciences (the physical world).
 * Include Native American people as full partners in the preservation and appreciation of their culture.

Collections
The museum's collection contains about 500,000 objects that represent nearly every indigenous culture area in North America. Collections are especially strong in the Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, Southwest, and Arctic areas of North America. The museum also holds significant type collections from the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico and the European Paleolithic.

Ethnographic materials, dating from around 1800 to the present, complement the archaeological collections. These include clothing and other textiles, utensils, weaponry, basketry and pottery. The largest collection is North American Indian basketry. Significant Central American and South American collections, especially textiles, supplement the archaeological holdings from these areas.

A photographic archive of approximately 45,000 images, primarily derived from the museum's research, and a 5,000-volume library provide documentary support. Images include early glass plate negatives and lantern slides, as well as more recent transparencies, negatives and prints. The research library contains many rare volumes of archaeological and historical interest, in addition to recent books, monographs and journals.

NAGPRA
The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed in 1990 and provides a process for museum and federal agencies to return certain Native American cultural items - human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony - to their respective tribes. The Peabody Museum is in full complaince with the NAGPRA law for culturally identifiable materials.

In 1999, the RSPM took part in the largest American repatriation to date. Along with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University, the RSPM returned approximately 2,000 sets of human remains and 1,020 burial and ceremonial objects to the Pueblo of Jemez. These remains were from the site of Pecos Pueblo outside of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Pecos Pueblo was excavated by A.V. Kidder from 1915-1929. Artifacts uncovered by Kidder were sent back to the RSPM and to Harvard. The Pecos repatriation remains the largest single repatriation in NAGPRA history and has fostered an ongoing relationship between the Pueblo of Jemex, Pecos Pueblo National Historic Park and the Robert S. Peabody Museum.