User:Mheisepaloaltou/Child resilience to the Child Protective Services

Resilience children in CPS

Maltreatment and abuse to children are a problem within the U.S. and internationally.1,3,6 These factors highlight children with low development factors and increased psychological struggles such as depression, anxiety, and possibly trauma in the future.4,2,1,3 Developmental factors can appear as an individual's aptitude to learn, adjust to societal and familial norms, and emotional regulation.17 Children within child protective services are at a higher risk for these low developmental factors.5 Challenges that occur with children that were associated with CPS include homelessness, chronic health conditions, criminal involvement, and unemployment.18 However, many child abuse cases are not reported, thus suggesting these numbers are likely higher.7 Sanjeevi and colleagues (2018) contribute to those findings by detailing cultural factors involving mental health stigma and the sex of the abused assist in lower or no reporting. Further, Hugill, Berry, and Fletcher (2017) argue that the extreme variance of abuse definitions also may play a role in reporting and research disparities. Moreover, despite the challenges and hardships that CPS attempts to alleviate by taking a child from a harmful home, children still struggle with succeeding in life.18

Adversities

Utilizing Bronfenbrenner's socio-ecological system, children can encounter learning struggles in their physical, social, and psychological life.16 Sanjeevi and colleagues (2018) outline several traits that attribute to a child's need to be resilient within these fields. Of note, low family dynamics is best described as the child either lacking one parent or the possibility of one parent struggling with poor mental health. Children born with both parents actively involved in the family structure were at lower risk of abuse.3 Further, the association of traits such as worth, love, and affection plays an integral role in minimal abuse.8 Masten and Barnes (2018) discuss adverse childhood experiences (ACE) that can contribute to a child's need for resilience. Within this set of ACEs, neglect, poverty, neighborhood violence, and loss of a parent are primary adversities for a child needing resilience.6,13

Outcomes from adversities

Possible outcomes for children who have faced adversity range from personality and other psychological disorders to child sexual assault (CSA) to substance abuse.8,9,10,12 Within that range of struggles, a large majority of those individuals experience comorbidity of trauma along with another presentation.9 Other findings discovered that children who had experienced sexual assault have a risk for anxiety, PTSD, and depressive disorders.20 Personality disorders were also in high prevalence with abused children.9 Child sexual assault (CSA) cases similarly have a high rate of borderline personality disorder associated with their trauma.8,9,10,19 Research has further shown that children who have been in the child protective services communities have a high risk of suicide and suicide attempts.20,21,22

Resilience traits

Resilience occurs within the context of adversity; children may develop resilience in response to adverse life circumstances. Sattler and Font (2018) define resilience as the ability to adapt to adverse situations. Positive adaptation (PA) is a requirement for resilience.4 Adaptation can is represented in several forms: avoid being pathologized, and achieve better results than others in adverse and non-adverse situations.13,23,24 It is posited that protective factors can reveal high rates of resilience.4 Further, protective factors across multiple ecosystem levels are most beneficial and provide the broadest resilient outcome.16 Research discovered that cognitive stimulation and emotional support from the primary caregivers appear to present themselves as the likeliest forms of resilience-building platforms for children.4 This can also be stated by community-based support; however, more research needs to be concluded to better understand a community's impact on individual resilience.25 Although community support still needs further research, it can be concluded that a strong community base that allows access to positive role models and opportunities for one's abilities, outside of a healthy family structure, is linked to more resilient characteristics.1

References

1-Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Ford, K., Hardcastle, K. A., Sharp, C. A., Wood, S., Homolova, L., & Davies, A. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and sources of childhood resilience: a retrospective study of their combined relationships with child health and educational attendance. BMC Public Health, 18(793). 1-12.

2- McFadden, P., Mallett, J., Campbell, A., & Taylor, B. (2019). Explaining Self-Reported Resilience in Child-Protection Social Work: The Role of Organisational Factors, Demographic Information and Job Characteristics. The British Journal of Social Work, 1. 198-216.

3- Sanjeevi, I., Houlihan, D., Bergstrom, K. A., Langley, M. M., & and Judkins, J. (2018). A Review of Child Sexual Abuse: Impact, Risk, and Resilience in the Context of Culture. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(6). 622-641.

4- Sattler, M. P., & Font, S. A. (2018). Resilience in young children involved with child protective services. Child abuse and neglect, 75. 104-114.

5- Hussey, J. M., Marshall, J. M., English, D. J., Knight, E. D., Lau, A. S., Dubowitz, H., & Kotch, J. B. (2005). Defining maltreatment according to substantiation: Distinction without a difference? Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 479–492.

6- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau (2016). Child maltreatment, 2014. Available from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.

7- Hugill, M., Berry, K., & Fletcher, I. (2017). The association between historical childhood sexual abuse and later parenting stress: A systematic view. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 20, 257–271.

8- Butler, A. C. (2013). Child sexual assault: Risk factors for girls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(9), 643–652.

9- Dolan, M., & Whitworth, H. (2013). Childhood sexual abuse, adult psychiatric morbidity, and criminal outcomes in women assessed by medium secure forensic service. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(2), 191–208

10- Elzy, M. B. (2011). Examining the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and borderline personality disorder: Does social support matter? Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(3), 284–304.

11- McLean, L. M., & Gallop, R. (2003). Implications of childhood sexual abuse for adult borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(2), 369–371.

12- Sartor, C. E., Waldron, M., Duncan, A. E., Grant, J. D., McCutcheon, V. V., Nelson, E. C., ... Heath, A. C. (2013). Childhood sexual abuse and early substance use in adolescent girls: The role of familial influences. Addiction, 108(5), 993–1000.

13- Masten, A. S. & Barnes, A. J. (2018). Resilience in Children: Developmental Perspectives. ''Children, 5(98). 1-16''

14- de Aquino Ferreira, L. F., Pereira, F. H., Benevides, A. M., Melo, M. C. (2018). Borderline personality disorder and sexual abuse: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 262. 70-77.

15- Berkes, F., and Folke, C. (eds.) (1998). ''Linking Social and Ecological Systems. Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

16- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In (2nd ed.). T. Husen, & T. N. Postlethwaite (Vol. Eds.), International encyclopedia of education. 3, (1643–1647). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press/Elsevier Science.

17. Salmon, K. & Bryant, R. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children the influence of developmental factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 22. 163-188.

18. Cesar, G. & Decker, S. (2020). “CPS Sucks, but... I think I’m better off in the system:” Family, social support, & arts-based mentorship in child protective services. Child and Youth Service Review, 118.

19- Fortaleza de Aquino Ferriera, L., Pereia, F. H. Q., Benevides, A. M., & Melo, M. C. A. (2018). Borderline personality disorder and sexual abuse: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 262. 70-77.

20- Khadr, S., Wellings, K., Villalta, L., Welch, J., Bewley, S., Kramer, & Viner, R. (2016). Mental and sexual health outcomes following sexual assault in adolescence: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 2. 654-665.

21- Hjern, A., Vinnerljung, B., & Lindblad, F. (2004) Avoidable mortality among child welfare recipients and intercountry adoptees: A national cohort study. Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 58(5). 412-417.

22- Vinnerljung, B., Hjern, A., & Lindblad, F. (2006) Suicide attempts and severe psychiatric morbidity among former child welfare clients: A national cohort study. Journal of Child Psychological Psychiatry, 47(7).723-733.

23- Tiet, Q. Q., Bird, H. R., Davies, M., Hoven, C., Cohen, P., Jensen, P. S., & Goodman, S. (1998). Adverse life events and resilience. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1191–1200.

24- Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 1–12.

25- Ensor, J. E., Park, S. E., Attwood, S. J., Kaminski, A. M., & Johnson, J. E. (2016). Can community-based adaptation increase resilience? Climate and Development.