User:Mheisepaloaltou/sandbox

 WORKING DRAFT 

Child Resilience of abuse (in CPS)

Maltreatment and abuse to children is a problem within the U.S. and internationally (1,3). This maltreatment highlights children having poor development factors as well as increased psychological struggles such as depression, anxieties, and possibly trauma in the future (4,2,1,3). Hussey and colleagues (2005) (5) report children within child protective services are at a higher risk for these poor developmental factors. In 2016, Us dept. of Health and Human services (U.S., 2016) (6) report an almost 2% higher rate of struggles for children in the CPS system versus the general population. However, Hugill, Berry, and Fletcher (2017) report that many cases of child abuse are not reported thus suggesting these numbers are likely higher. Sanjeevi and colleagues (2018) contribute to those findings by detailing cultural factors involving mental health stigma as well as the sex of the abused assist in lower or no reporting. Further, Hugill, Berry, and Fletcher (2017) argue that the extreme variance of abuse definitions also may play a role in reporting and research disparities.

Adversities-

Within the concept of resilience, one must not dismiss the negative attributes that cause the child to seek their resiliency. Sanjeevi and colleagues (2018) outline several traits that attribute to a child's need to be resilient. Of note, poor family dynamics is best described as the child either lacking one parent or the possibility of one parent struggling with poor mental health. Masten and Barnes (2018) discuss adverse childhood experiences (ACE) that can contribute to a child's need for resilience. Within this set of ACEs, neglect, poverty, neighborhood violence, and loss of a parent are primary adversities for a child needing resilience (Masten & Barnes, 2018).

Outcomes from adversities-

Possible outcomes for children who have faced adversity range from personality disorders to substance abuse (8,9,10,12). Dolan and Whitworth (2013) concluded that a majority of the individuals abused struggled with personality disorders. Further, they discussed how the high rate of comorbidity with trauma was evident and that further research needed to be concluded concerning that aspect. Ferriera and colleagues (2018) further discuss child sexual abuse (CSA) cases have a high rate of borderline personality disorder associated with their trauma.

Personality disorders (8, 9, 10) Borderline (10)

Suicide (3)

Substance (9, 12)

resilience traits

Sattler and Font (2018) define resilience as the ability to adapt to negative situations.

family support- (3) found that children born with both parents actively in volved in the family structure were at lower risk to abuse. Further, (8) the association of traits such as, worth, love, and affection played an integral role in minimal abuse.

(1) community support

(1) development opportunities

(1) Access to trusted adult (someone to look up to)

References:

1-Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Ford, K., Hardcastle, K. A., Sharp, C. A., Wood, S., Homolova, L., & Davies, A. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and sources of childhood resilience: a retrospective study of their combined relationships with child health and educational attendance. BMC Public Health, 18(793). 1-12.

2- McFadden, P., Mallett, J., Campbell, A., & Taylor, B. (2019). Explaining Self-Reported Resilience in Child-Protection Social Work: The Role of Organisational Factors, Demographic Information and Job Characteristics. The British Journal of Social Work, 1. 198-216.

3- Sanjeevi, I., Houlihan, D., Bergstrom, K. A., Langley, M. M., & and Judkins, J. (2018). A Review of Child Sexual Abuse: Impact, Risk, and Resilience in the Context of Culture. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(6). 622-641.

4- Sattler, M. P., & Font, S. A. (2018). Resilience in young children involved with child protective services. Child abuse and neglect, 75. 104-114.

5- Hussey, J. M., Marshall, J. M., English, D. J., Knight, E. D., Lau, A. S., Dubowitz, H., & Kotch, J. B. (2005). Defining maltreatment according to substantiation: Distinction without a difference? Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 479–492.

6- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau (2016). Child maltreatment, 2014. Available from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.

7- Hugill, M., Berry, K., & Fletcher, I. (2017). The association between historical childhood sexual abuse and later parenting stress: A systematic view. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 20, 257–271.

8- Butler, A. C. (2013). Child sexual assault: Risk factors for girls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(9), 643–652.

9- Dolan, M., & Whitworth, H. (2013). Childhood sexual abuse, adult psychiatric morbidity, and criminal outcomes in women assessed by medium secure forensic service. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(2), 191–208

10- Elzy, M. B. (2011). Examining the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and borderline personality disorder: Does social support matter? Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20(3), 284–304.

11- McLean, L. M., & Gallop, R. (2003). Implications of childhood sexual abuse for adult borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(2), 369–371.

12- Sartor, C. E., Waldron, M., Duncan, A. E., Grant, J. D., McCutcheon, V. V., Nelson, E. C., ... Heath, A. C. (2013). Childhood sexual abuse and early substance use in adolescent girls: The role of familial influences. Addiction, 108(5), 993–1000.

13- Masten, A. S. & Barnes, A. J. (2018). Resilience in Children: Developmental Perspectives. ''Children, 5(98). 1-16''

14- de Aquino Ferreira, L. F., Pereira, F. H., Benevides, A. M., Melo, M. C. (2018). Borderline personality disorder and sexual abuse: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 262. 70-77.