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Antecedent (behavioral psychology)

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An antecedent is a stimulus that cues an organism to perform a learned behavior. When an organism perceives an antecedent stimulus, it behaves in a way that maximizes reinforcing consequences and minimizes punishing consequences. This might be part of complex, interpersonal communication.

The definition of antecedent is a preceding event or a cause- in this case it is the event that causes the learned behaviour to happen. A learned behaviour is one that does not come from instincts- it is created by practice or experiences. '''Learned behaviour can be controlled by two systems- reflective or reflexive, which in turn create cognitive learning and habitual learning. Cognitive learning is influenced directly by the environment and evaluates it in order to acquire a particular behaviour. An example of cognitive learning is riding a bike, where the environment (changing of the road path, weather, turns etc.) is constantly changing and you have to adjust to this.'''

Habitual learning is formed through conditioning, whether that is voluntary or involuntary. Classical conditioning denotes when an organism creates reflexes based on past events. '''A reflex is a stimulus response that happens due to a biological response and are mediated by the nervous system. Habitual learning can then be a result of this reflex happening time after time, as we get used to the stimuli- this is where the antecedent comes in.''' '''Habitual learning uses strategies from past experiences to dictate how to behave in the present- e.g., continuing to ride a bike after initially learning how to. '''

Both of these learning strategies can be a result of an antecedent.

'''Classical conditioning was first discovered by Pavlov, who studied digestive reflexes in dogs- the results showed that different stimuli (different types of food) elicit different reflexes and responses (different compositions of saliva). He then discovered that the dogs salivated before they received the food- due to the antecedent. The antecedent became the bell that Pavlov rang before he fed the dogs, and the learned behaviour became the salivation.'''

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'On the other hand, operant conditioning is when we respond for stimuli, not to'' it. It is another form of social learning in which the consequence of a response makes us respond that more, or more often.'''

Antecedent stimuli (paired with reinforcing consequences) activate centers of the brain involved in motivation, while antecedent stimuli that have been paired with punishing consequences activate brain centers involved in fear. Antecedents play a different role while attempting to trigger positive and negative outcomes.

It has been suggested that these stimuli that lead to learned behaviour can be described by behavioural science principles.

Reinforcement theory states that the consequences of behaviour drives the behaviour itself- positive behaviours are rewarded and negative behaviours are either ignored or punished.

'''The latter is particularly important when it comes to antecedents, as bad stimuli in the environment lead to behavioural consequences. '''

There are some scientific papers that argue that there are two different types of antecedent variables. These two types of antecedent variables are referred to as discriminative stimuli and setting events. Setting events differ from discriminative stimuli as setting events are believed to have an effect on the stimulus-response relationship. It has been suggested that setting events focus on three categories of stimuli (biological, physical and social variables). Discriminative stimuli are found to be present “when a behavior is reinforced”. The discriminative stimuli is believed to be the identifying event alerting the mind that a reinforcement will occur in exchange for a specific behavior.

Another scientific paper '''states that antecedents can be proximal (things like financial stressors or job satisfaction), and did an experiment to see if these stimuli could induce relapse to alcohol problems. The theory here is that the learned behaviour is the continuance of drinking, and this is performed to the stimuli that could be losing a job. The antecedent here is a setting event, as it happens due to social variables in order to effect a response. '''

Stimuli that activate the "motivation" part of the brain have been tested through areas of competition in certain categories like, for example, tourism places. There are a few factors that can lead to competition changes in tourism, like hospitality, food selections, cleanliness, and more. These areas of concentration (resources, facilities, etc.) are the stimuli that would be considered the second variable--setting events. This type of competitiveness affects not only where the tourists are planning on visiting, but it also affects the employees that work in tourist towns. Things like gift shops, hotels, and restaurants depend on the flow of tourism to keep their businesses thriving. This makes businesses continuously improve and change their business ways to meet consumer demands. All of these variables change the behavior of all parties involved.