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Catherine Phebe Browman ([ˈkæθrɪn ˈfibi ˈbraʊ̯mən]; 1945–18 July 2008 ) was an American linguist and speech scientist. She received her Ph.D. in linguistics from UCLA in 1978. Browman was a research scientist at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey (1967–1972). While at Bell Laboratories, she was known for her work on speech synthesis using demisyllables (a half syllable unit, divided at the center of the syllable nucleus). She later worked as researcher at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut (1982–1998). She was best known for development, with Louis Goldstein, of the theory of articulatory phonology, a gesture-based approach to phonological and phonetic structure. The theoretical approach is incorporated in a computational model that generates speech from a gesturally-specified lexicon. Browman was made an honorary member of the Association for Laboratory Phonology.

Early Life and Family
Catherine Browman was born in Missoula, Montana in 1945. Her father, Ludwig Browman, worked on the faculty as a zoologist for the University of Montana and her mother, Audra Browman, held a Ph.D. in biochemistry and worked as a historian in the Missoula area. Browman was the youngest of four siblings. She had two older brothers, Andrew and David Browman, as well as an older sister, Audra Adelberger.

Higher Education and Career
Browman received a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from the University of Montana. After graduating in 1967, she moved to New Jersey and worked as a programmer for Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Shortly after she began working as an Associate Member of Technical Staff in the Acoustic Research Department at Bell Telephone Laboratories where she contributed to the creation of a new text-to-speech software. Browman’s work in the Acoustic Research Department motivated her to return to higher education. In 1972, Browman enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles. She studied under Peter Ladefoged and worked in a phonetics lab alongside Victoria Fromkin and others.

Dissertation
Browman’s dissertation, entitled "Tip of the Tongue and Slip of the Ear: Implications for Language Processing", analyzed and compared the lexical retrieval errors (the “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon) and the perceptual errors (“slips of the ear”) that occur during casual conversation. The dissertation is divided into four chapters.

The first chapter provides a general description of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. In this chapter, Browman analyzes the role of unit size, within-unit position, and stress in this phenomenon. She points out that, whereas the first consonant in a word is recalled mostly on its own, the last consonant in a stressed syllable is usually recalled with the preceding vowel. The second chapter covers a general description of the “slip of the ear” data and analyzes perceptual errors. Browman discusses how the majority of perceptual errors occur within a word, and further that there is a tendency to perceive words as shorter than they actually are.

The third chapter carries on to investigate perceptual errors within the word. Here, Browman cites two sources of perceptual errors: low-level acoustic misanalysis and interference from higher lexical levels. The final chapter compares lexical and perceptual errors to each other and to the information in the acoustic signal. Browman notes a common mechanism to both errors, namely a mechanism that focuses attention on the beginning and end of a word and the initial portion of the stressed syllable.

Career Post-Ph.D.
She graduated with a Ph.D. in linguistics in 1978 after defending her dissertation on language processing. After graduating, Browman returned to Bell Telephone Laboratories to work as a postdoc with Osamu Fujimura. The two developed “Lingua”, a new demi-syllable based speech-to-text system.

Browman taught in the Linguistics Department at New York University from 1982-1984. On leaving NYU, she was replaced by Noriko Umeda, whom Browman had worked with at Bell Laboratories prior to graduate school. Upon leaving NYU, Browman began her career at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut where she would develop Articulatory Phonology, her most significant contribution to the field of linguistics.

Life Outside Linguistics
Browman enjoyed hiking in her home state of Montana, as well as the Southwest of the United States. In addition to outdoor adventures, she enjoyed dance. Starting in the late 1980s, Browman taught “Dances of Universal Peace” in both New Jersey and Connecticut.

Later Life
In 1987, Browman was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. She gave her final public talk at the 1993 Laboratory Phonology Meeting held in Oxford, England. Two years later, she lost her ability to walk, but, determined to continue advancing her ideas, continued to work from home on grant proposals until her death. Browman passed away in her home on July 18th 2008. Although no official memorial was held, an unofficial celebration of her work took place during an articulatory phonology conference at the Asilomar Conference Center in Monterey, California in 2019.

Articulatory Phonology
Browman's most cited contribution to the field of linguistics is in the subfield of phonology. Along with her research partner, Louis M. Goldstein, she proposed the theory of Articulatory Phonology early on in her research at Haskins Laboratory. Articulatory phonology creates phonological representation by describing utterances as patterns of overlapping gestures by the oral articulators. These gestural units account for both spatial and temporal properties of speech and reflect the movement of the articulators. For example, the gesture involved in producing [p] includes closing the lips and spreading the glottis. This differs from previous phonological theories which captured linguistically significant aspects in speech as non-overlapping sequences of segmental units built from features. Articulatory phonology allows for overlapping gestures and temporal relations between articulators to be included in the phonological representation. Articulatory phonology further posits that gestures are “prelinguistic units of action” that are harnessed for phonological structuring, suggesting a theory of phonological development.

Gestures
Gestures are the most basic unit of articulatory phonology, and are defined in terms of Elliot Saltzman’s task dynamics. In order to visualize what an utterance looks like, this model uses mathematics that describe damped mass-spring movements to describe the articulators’ trajectories. According to Browman, two important features of gestures are specified using this model. Firstly, gestures are speech tasks that represent the formation and release of oral constrictions, an action that usually involves the motion of multiple articulators. Secondly, gestures are defined by their characteristic motion through space and over time. Speech tasks are further specified by tract variables (of which there are eight in Articulatory Phonology; namely lip protrusion, lip aperture, tongue tip constriction location, tongue tip constriction degree, tongue bodied constriction location, tongue body constriction degree, velic aperture, and glottal aperture) which show the location of a constriction and the extent of the constriction.

Gestures are also units of phonological contrast, and so if two lexical items differ by (1) the presence or absence of a gesture, (2) parameter difference among gestures, or (3) the organization of gestures, the items can be said to contrast. Parameters, in this case, refer to constriction location, stiffness (distinguishes vowels and glides), and dampening (distinguishes flaps and stops). Contrasts can be seen in gestural scores. As an example, Browman illustrates that ‘add’ and ‘had’ differ by only a glottal gesture. She also explains that, whereas ‘had’ and ‘add’ previously would  have been analyzed as differing by the absence of a segment and ‘bad’ and ‘pad’ by a single feature, the use of gestures conveys both contrasts by the presence or absence of gesture, simplifying the analysis.

Syllable Structure
Browman takes two approaches in analyzing syllable patterns. In the first approach, she describes a local organization in which individual gestures are coordinated with other individual gestures. In the second approach, she describes a global organization in which gestures form larger groupings. Browman analyzes articulatory evidence from American English words containing different kinds of consonants and clusters. Under Bowman's Articulatory Phonology analysis, the relation between the syllable-initial consonant and the following vowel gesture is defined by a global measure. In contrast, the relation of the syllable-final consonants and the preceding vowel is based on local organization.

The Natural Mnnemopath: or, What You Know About Words You Forget
Browman’s paper, The Natural Mnnemopath: or, What You Know About Words You Forget, was presented at the 86th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. In this paper, Browman discusses the possible mechanisms that people use to retrieve words from their memory. In order to study what these mechanisms are, Browman compares “approximation words” produced by the individual with the “target words” during the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. A “target word” is the word that an individual is trying to bring to mind and say out loud, whereas an “approximation word” is the word that is produced in place of the target word that could not be recalled fully. For example, in a situation where one wants to produce “disintegration” (the target) but cannot fully recall it, one may produce “degradation” (the approximation). By comparing the qualities of “approximation words” with their corresponding “target word”, Browman investigates what features of words people use in recalling them. Her final analysis reveals that semantic factors, syntactic categories, syllable number, and the initial phoneme and grapheme are known prior to recall.

Frigidity or feature detectors-slips of the ear
Another one of her papers, Frigidity or feature detectors-slips of the ear was presented at the 90th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America in San Francisco, California in 1975. The paper discussed how the mistakes made in perceptual processing can indicate the mechanisms involved in perception. In this study, over 150 misperceptions were collected by Browman and other researchers. The misperceptions were then categorized in terms of phonemic similarity and location with respect to unit boundaries (word and syllable boundaries). Browman noted four types of changes in lexical structure in the perception of spoken words, namely shifts in final word boundaries, insertions of final word boundaries, deletions of final word boundaries, and insertions of syllables. Respectively, examples of each of these changes include notary public/nota republic, herpes zoister/her peas oyster, popping really slow/prodigal son, and Freudian/accordion.

Targetless schwa: an articulatory analysis
Her paper Targetless schwa: an articulatory analysis was presented at the Second Conference of Laboratory Phonology in Edinburgh, Scotland which ran from June 28th 1989 to July 3rd 1989. In this paper, Browman analyzes the movements of the tongue in utterances involving production of the schwa. Her purpose in carrying out this experiment is to provide evidence for a specific schwa tongue target. The paper looks at data from the Tokyo X-ray archive produced by a speaker of American English. To see what gestural scores could underlie a schwa, Browman analyzes the production of [pVpəpVp] sequences. The results found that during the gap between the second and third lip closures, the tongue body dips towards a schwa-like position and a perceptible schwa appears in the acoustic output. With these results she concluded that target position for schwa is sometimes specified.

Positive Reception
Bowman's Articulatory Phonology has been noted by other phonologists, like Nancy Hall, as being successful in analyzing the way pronunciation changes during casual speech. Hall points out that, when comparing the sounds of isolated words spoken carefully to their sound when spoken in a conversation, the sounds in words blend into the surrounding or disappear altogether. Hall notes that most phonological models analyze these changes with phonological rules that apply at certain rates of speech, while Browman’s theory explains these alterations as resulting from the shrinking of gestures or the increasing of their overlap.

Critique
Nancy Hall has also critiqued Browman’s Articulatory Phonology for its lack of attention to different phonological phenomena. Hall points out that there are several sounds for which no one has worked out what types of articulatory gestures are involved. Without concrete gestures for sounds, articulatory phonology is not able to represent, and therefore not able to analyze, language phenomena that involve those sounds. Additionally, Hall criticizes Browman’s theory as lacking in sufficient suprasegmental structure, as it gives primacy to the movements of the articulators rather than prosodic features. Along these same lines, articulatory phonology is criticized for having an underdeveloped view of tone (including lexical tone and intonation), metrical structure (like feet and stress), and periodic morphology. After her critique, Hall does recognize that these gaps in Articulatory Phonology are due to both the general lack of understanding of stress and tone production and the small number of researchers working on Articulatory Phonology.

Overview of Phonological Debate
An ongoing debate between researchers in the field of phonology revolves around the specification of the interface between phonology and phonetics, and the extent to which phonological representations should differ from phonetic representations, and vice versa. The two sides to this debate are those, like Janet Pierrehumbert, who believe that phonological and phonetic representations are essentially different from one another, and those that believe they ought to be as similar as possible. Browman took the latter positions as she believes that the articulatory gesture is the single basic unit for both phonological and phonetic representations.

Browman’s Perspective
From Browman’s point of view in the theory of articulatory phonology, the relationships between the events of the vocal tract (phonetics) should have as close a correlation as possible with the language-specific treatment of sounds (phonology). Her basic unit, the articulatory gesture, is an abstract description of the articulatory events occurring in the vocal tract during speech. Browman believes that, in defining phonological units using these gestures, researchers can provide a set of articulatory-based natural classes, specify core aspects of phonological structure in particular languages, and account for phonological variations (allophonic variation, coarticulation, and speech errors). Thus, from Browman’s side, there is no interface between phonology and phonetics, as their representations are the same.

Browman’s Opponents
In contrast to Browman, for phonologists/phoneticians supporting the former view, the kind of representation necessary to capture categorical alterations is irreconcilable with the representation necessary to illustrate the imprecise phonetic movements in speech. On this side of the debate is Janet Pierrehumbert who argues that phonetic representations must be quantitative and physically-based in the articulators, while phonological representations must be qualitative and symbolic of the cognitive perceptions of sounds.

This type of model, referred to as the Targets and Interpolation model (and utilized by Pierrehumbert, Patricia Keating, and Susan Hertz), relates a feature to one or more parameters in a domain (for example the feature [nasal] specifies the parameter “velic opening”) and interprets the value of the feature ([+nasal] means some amount of velic opening over some time interval). In this model, features specify the targets toward which the articulators aim, and between which the articulators move. This system gives primary focus to the targets themselves and secondary focus to the movements in between. This contrasts with Browman’s Articulatory Phonology which treats movements towards and away from these targets as equally important.

Weighing the Two Positions
Browman’s Articulatory Phonology explains phonological observations in a way that reflects the physical reality of the articulators. For example, Browman explains the “disappearance” of [t] in perfect memory. In fast speech, when this [t] is not heard, it would be described as being deleted along with all of its features under the Targets and Interpolations model. However, in Browman’s analysis, the [t] is still in fact articulated (the blade of the tongue makes the corresponding gesture), but it is “hidden” by temporal overlap of the preceding and following articulations. This same system can be used to explain assimilations. In Browman’s analysis, resulting assimilations/deletions occur “more-or-less” and not “all-or-none” as other theories are bound to; whereas articulatory phonology can account for both gradient and categorical information, previous theories have to adhere to the categorical.