User:Michaelammd11/Cathedral Provincial Park and Protected Area

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Cathedral Provincial Park and Protected Area, usually known as Cathedral Provincial Park and also as Cathedral Park, is a provincialBritish Columbia park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located east of E.C. Manning Provincial Park, south of BC Highway 3, and southeast of the town of Princeton, and southwest of Keremeos. Its southern boundary is the border with the United States. Much of the park is the basin of the Ashnola River. Cathedral Park is home to teal sub-alpine lakes, vast ridges and jarred peaks, old-growth forests, and rock formations of siltstone, granodiorite, and basalt. Hikers can scramble along various peaks such as the 8000-foot Grimface Mountain and Lakeview Mountain. Tourists flock to Smokey the Bear and Stone City because of their unique formations with incredible views formed by millennia of erosion, volcanic and tectonic activity, and glacial recession.

The park has a mixed history of use from Indigenous Peoples and a variety of endemic species, as well as resource extraction, including forestry and recreational use such as hiking, camping, and fishing. Today the park primarily serves the purpose of facilitating recreation as a "Class A" provincial park. Climate change poses a threat to the park due to recent wildfires. The future of the park depends on the management of these issues and more.

History
The park gets its name from Cathedral Mountain, near the international border. The peak was named in 1901 by Carl and George Smith on a United States Geological Survey expedition, who are believed to be the first to have ascended the summit. The original area of Cathedral Provincial Park was established on May 2, 1968, with an area of 7,372 hectares (18,216 acres). This park ran in a narrow north–south corridor along Lakeview Creek from the Ashnola River in the North to the international boundary. The park included the Cathedral Lakes area. After a lengthy consultation process with local interest groups, industry, and researchers, the park was expanded to have boundaries that roughly matched natural boundaries. This expanded the park to an area of roughly 33,000 hectares (82,000 acres), with the Ashnola River forming the Western and Northern boundaries of the park and Ewart Creek forming the Eastern boundary, with certain exceptions for existing mineral claims. On April 18, 2001, the contiguous conservation area protected was expanded with the establishment of the 25,889 hectares (63,970 acres) Snowy Protected Area.

Cultural history

Cathedral Provincial Park is rich with culture and heritage from both European and Indigenous peoples. The park lies on the traditional homeland of the Nlaka'pamux and Syilx, now colonially known as the Okanagan. Prior to settlement, the Syilx peoples moved nomadically, following the natural migrations and different land uses of the earth throughout seasons. This brought Indigenous peoples through the lands of Cathedral Park for the rich hunting and foraging of the area, a transient lifestyle shared by all First Nations in the area. The park was established by Europeans in the late 1960s, but evidence from the Ministry of Forests reveals horseback trails dating back to the 1930s. The Ministry of Forests also discusses early settlement and tourism, and the development of cabins and 4x4 roads throughout the park. These were followed by the first lodge in 1970.

Historical Resource Use and Extractions

Before its designation as a protected area, Cathedral Provincial Park and its surroundings were exposed to resource extraction activities. As in many other regions, timber harvesting, in particular, played a significant role in the local economy. Several logging companies operated within the area, impacting the forest ecosystems. This caused habitat disruption, fragmentation, soil erosion, and changes in hydrology. The historic resource extraction and its ecological consequences presumably influenced the decision to protect Cathedral Provincial Park, aiming to preserve its natural beauty from further degradation.

Since the park's establishment in 1968, recreation use and development have evolved in line with the original intent to maintain the Park’s natural qualities for public enjoyment and recreation. In 1975, an Interim Policy Statement was prepared to provide guidelines for the development and management of the Park. Several management concerns or issues were identified in this Policy Statement, remaining and revolving around fundamental problems of balancing park development and use while maintaining the Parks resource values and wilderness atmosphere and minimizing friction between potentially conflicting recreation interests.

Recreation
The park is home to front-country vehicle-accessible camping as well as back-country camping. There are multiple day-use areas in the park. Accommodation is provided within the park at the Cathedral Lakes Lodge. There are no public roads within the park itself. The park is connected to E. C. Manning Provincial Park by the Centennial Trail from Osoyoos to Simon Fraser University. Though it has not been maintained recently and no longer appears on maps of Manning Park.

Sonora Skipper
The Sonora Skipper is a butterfly with a tiny wingspan of 25–30 mm. It is light brown in color and has spots on its tail. The Sonora Skipper typically resides in moist, mesic grassy meadows as its preferred habitat. However, the area in which they live can also include, forest openings, clear-cuts and logged areas, and roadside areas These habitats are located in a small section of the Okanogan area in British Columbia, which is only about 2092 km², but still includes Cathedral Lakes Provincial Park. The population that was recorded in this area was tiny. In the Ashnola River area which includes Cathedral Lakes Provincial Park only 51 individuals were observed during the time of 1906 to 2012. There were just 2 Sonora Skippers counted in the entire 2012 year in the Ashnola River area. The Sonora Skipper has many threats in the wild. The threats can be natural such as fire and flooding and unnatural causes such as destruction of habitat or invasive species introduction. All of these things contribute to the low population in the Cathedral Provincial Park area. Sonora skippers are not classified as endangered or threatened globally. Sonora skippers don't have any major human threats, just removal from habitat caused by logging.

Mountain Goats
Mountain Goats are a species that like to live in high alpine areas, capable of climbing vertical rocks. Which is ideal because Cathedral Park is very mountainous. Mountain Goats can be found all across the world in strong, healthy populations, however, they have a strong chance of expiration in British Columbia. In Southern British Columbia near where Cathedral Provincial Park is located, the population is the most at risk because, they have a tiny population size. In 2006 a study was done where Mountain Goat populations were estimated at, 200 - 300 individuals in the whole Okanagan area. Not just in Cathedral Provincial Park. Mountain goats have numerous threats which include, historical over harvest, climate change causing reduced habitat, and negative impacts from recreation. In Cathedral Provincial Park they are of special concern because of the large amounts of people in the area, leading to human-goat conflict. The population around the Cathedral Provincial Park area is not well understood because, for a couple of decades, data collection has not happened. However, the population is estimated to be around, 24 - 28 goats. There are a few reasons for the low populations however, human interactions and helicopters are a couple of the main ones. The reason for all the human and goat interactions is that goats can become aggressive and charge people at the park over salt resources. Salt is vital to, goat ecology, and goats will usually ingest sodium from mineral lick sites. In Cathedral Provincial Park, goats have been spotted looking for salt near the campgrounds, which is often where humans are present. In the Park, goats force visitors to move around them by standing their ground. The conflicts that come with these interactions have caused, death or injury to humans and or wildlife. Helicopters also bring many issues to the goat population. Helicopters regularly fly over Cathedral Provincial Park mainly in the months for helicopter training which is the spring and winter time. Whenever helicopters fly over the park goats do not behave well to the flying which causes a loud disturbance. The behavior that occurs when a helicopter is nearby may include, increased movements or a shift from the habitat in which they prefer to live in. In other words with the consistent flying of helicopters above the park, many mountain goats may have been displaced from their habitat which is why the population is so low in the area. Mountain Goats are also not classified as endangered or threatened globally. Mountain goats have a small effect on the mountainous landscape where they live. Mountain goats can destroy small plants such as flowers and shrubs as they walk and when they eat. Mountain goats eat mountain mahogany, shrubs, conifers, sedges, rushes, mosses, lichens, and grasses.

Animals in Cathedral Park
Other animals that can be found in the park that are not at risk include California Bighorn sheep, mule deer, porcupines, and Columbia ground squirrels. California Bighorn sheep have a compact body that is muscular, with brown fur with white on the muzzle and belly. The average weight of these animals is about 160 to 250 pounds. In order to stay alive from predators, bighorn sheep have abilities to climb the vertical rocks akin to mountain goats. Bighorn sheep live in the western mountainous regions of North America. However, bighorn sheep no longer live in many areas of the Okanagan because their habitat has been lost over time.

Mule Deer have large ears, a white rump, and a white tail with a black tip, they can grow to over one meter tall and can weigh 30 to 210 kilograms. The males, grow antlers each year. They can be, found in almost every area in B.C, but are typically found in the Lower Mainland, as well as the Coast and Mountains. Mule Deer are vegetarian and will eat grass and shrubs. Mule deer also have a small effect on their landscape. Mule deer can destroy small plants and shrubs as they eat a variety of shrubs and trees, but they will also eat forbs and grasses mainly in the springtime. Mule deer love to live in rocky environments and habitats that have a combination of early-stage plant growth, multi-species plant communities, and diverse shrub growth such as Cathedral Provincial Park.

Porcupines have a brown coat of hair that is covered with up to 30,000 sharp quills which can grow up to 12.5 centimeters long. The tips of the quills are covered in barbs in order to protect themselves from enemies. Porcupines can be found across Canada and in the western US. They always live in or near trees where they can use a brush to use for their nests. Porcupines will mostly eat the inner bark of trees as their main source of food. Porcupines are not very destructive. Porcupines will gnaw on branches, twigs, and bark on trees. The trees that porcupines prefer to gnaw are pine, spruce, poplar, and fruit trees. Porcupines will gnaw at plants to sharpen their teeth. Finally in the summertime porcupines will eat fruits, vegetables, and succulent plants. Porcupines love to live in coniferous and mixed-forest habitats of Canada which is why they love Cathedral Provincial Park.

Columbian Ground Squirrel have white-speckled brown, black, and gray fur on their head and back. It has red fur on its face nose and legs. Its tail is red and the porcupine has white around its eyes. The squirrel can be found in eastern British Columbia and Alberta, Washington, and Idaho. The Columbian Ground Squirrel can be found in meadows and grasslands. They can eat, grass and plant parts such as stems and leaves. Ground squirrels will alter the landscape by digging holes in the ground for them to live and eating plants. Ground squirrels prefer to live in thick chaparral, dense woods, and very moist areas which is why ground squirrels live in Cathedral Provincial Park.

Plants in Cathedral Park
Some plants that are commonly found in Cathedral Provincial Park include Douglas firs and Black Cottonwood trees. Douglas firs are evergreen trees. There are two varieties of this species, coast Douglas fir and Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, which are differentiated by their habitats and physical characteristics. Rocky Mountain Douglas firs are the inland trees that live in Cathedral Provincial Park. They are much more tolerant of cold than the coastal Douglas fir, which is suited to moist, mild climates on the west coast. The population of these trees is in good numbers.

Black cottonwood is a medium- to large-sized broad-leaved tree. Many kinds of wildlife use the foliage, twigs, and buds for food. The wood is light and soft and it can be used for lumber and pulp. Cottonwoods live in cool and wet climates such as Cathedral Provincial Park.

Climate Change and Ecological Impacts
Cathedral Park is a unique environment in British Columbia as it is a part of the Okanagan Range, in a distinct section of the Cascade Mountains. The Okanagan Range consists of a uniquely dry climate and a particular geological makeup. The park contains four bio-geoclimatic zones: interior mountain-heather alpine, Engelmann, Interior Douglas-fir, and Spruce-Subalpine Fir.

Cathedral Provincial Park, like many natural areas worldwide, faces the challenges of climate change. While specific predictions for this park may vary, some general trends associated with climate change include temperature increase, altered precipitation patterns, heightened wildfire risks, changes in snowpack and glacier melt, and shifts in the timing of biological events for plants and wildfire. Park management authorities and conservation organizations are likely actively monitoring and responding to these changes to ensure the long-term health of the park's ecosystem. Forest fires have played a key role in creating a diverse mosaic of vegetation over the park's landscape. In contrast, forest health issues have also affected ecosystem dynamics with significant tree die-offs in specific proportions of the park.

Park Goals
The primary goal driving the creation of Cathedral Provincial Park was that of the preservation of the natural environment for the public’s use for recreation of the Cathedral Lakes and the Ashnola River drainage. The original park boundaries were focused on the lakes and nearby mountain peaks. Maintaining the park’s focus on being a pristine, natural, and accessible recreational area has been the driving force in managing the park’s uses since its inception. The three aspects of the park that managers sought to enhance were the natural environment, like maintaining access to the whole public rather than just outdoor specialists; intensive use, including making it accessible to activities like fishing and camping; and wilderness for more involved outdoor activities like backpacking that are completely isolated.

Today Cathedral Provincial Park exists as a “Class A” provincial park that garners the highest protection available to a provincial park under Bill 174, the same as when it was officially declared a provincial park in 1968. These protections include only allowing new resource extraction in the park without approval by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change that would ultimately leave the recreational use of the park unchanged.

Future of the Park
Cathedral Provincial Park has not had a new master plan since 1989, although a new master plan is being worked on that aims to be completed and approved by the end of 2023. Issues that are present include, modifying recreational facilities to have less of an impact on the surrounding environment, increasing capacity, reduction in wildfire risk, First Nations collaboration, and human impact on the local wildlife. While resource development has been allowed in the past and the use of the area has an impact on the local ecology, the natural beauty of the overall park persists.