User:Michelle.m.wilson/sandbox

Thoughts:

 * I believe, from what I understand through Module 3's readings, that the information included in this article regarding communication privacy management theory is relevant and timely.
 * Overall, I feel the article is neutral. Content is presented in an informational manner, never attempting to sway a reader into accepting or denying the validity of this theory.
 * The concept of a "rule-based management system" caught me off-guard in the way it was presented with no citations or additional information. It wasn't until I realized the author expounded upon this idea several sections later that I felt comfortable with its inclusion.
 * I checked almost every citation throughout this article. The links were all in working condition and I felt as though they supported the claims the author was making.
 * Each time I read a statement that would require me to stop and consider its truthfulness, there was a relevant and reliable reference provided. I appreciated that as a reader and consumer of this article. I felt as though the information I was consuming was accurate and proven/supported.
 * Regarding the "talk" page of this article it appears it has come quite a ways since it's creation!
 * Unfortunately, the article does not yet have a rating on the quality or importance scale. It was, however, the subject of an educational assignment at Georgetown University in 2011.

What I plan to contribute:

 * 1) I'd really like to include and expand upon a section on revenge and how it relates to individual human relationships. There is much to be shared about this subtopic of revenge.
 * 2) Revenge and how it differs based on an individual's social and cultural background also interests me. I believe this would be a great subtopic to develop with reverences.
 * 3) The History section of this article has been marked for indiscriminate, excessive or irrelevant examples. I would like to improve this article by clarifying and improving the existing information and providing a solid foundation for this topic.

References to explore:

 * 1) Yoshimura, S.(2007). Goals and emotional outcomes of revenge activities in interpersonal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(1), 87-98.
 * Li, Z. C., & Stacks, D. (2017). When the relationships fail: A microperspective on consumer responses to service failure. Journal of Public Relations Research, 29(4), 158-175.
 * 1) Aloia, L. S. (2017). Verbal Aggression in Romantic Relationships: The Influence of Family History, Destructive Beliefs About Conflict, and Conflict Goals. Communication Quarterly, 66(3), 308-324.
 * 2) Boon, S. D., Deveau, V. L., & Alibhai, A. M. (2009). Payback: The parameters of revenge in romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(6-7), 747-768.
 * 3) Divietro, S., & Kiper, J. (n.d.). Revenge and Forgiveness in Intimate Partner Violence Intervention. Perspectives on Forgiveness, 77-115.
 * 4) McClelland, R. (2010). The Pleasures of Revenge. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 31(3/4), 195-235.
 * 5) Connolly, W. E. (2007). The Ethos of Revenge. Communication & Critical/Cultural Studies, 4(1), 93-97.
 * 6) Sommers, J. A., Schell, T. L., & Vodanovich, S. J. (2002). DEVELOPING A MEASURE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ORGANIZATIONAL REVENGE. Journal Of Business & Psychology, 17(2), 207-222.

Initial Edits
Feuds are cycles of provocation and retaliation, fueled by a burning desire for revenge and carried out over long periods of time by familial or tribal groups; they were an important part of many pre-industrial societies, especially in the Mediterranean region. They still persist in some areas, notably in Albania with its tradition of gjakmarrja or "blood feuds". During the Middle Ages, most would not regard an insult or injury as settled until it was avenged, or, at the least, paid for—hence, the extensive Anglo-Saxon system of weregild (literally, "man-price") payments, which placed a certain monetary value upon certain acts of violence in an attempt to limit the spiral of revenge by codifying the responsibility of a malefactor.

=Revenge= Revenge, often used interchangeably with the word retaliation, is defined as "harmful acts enacted in return for a perceived wrong." Often, revenge is defined as being a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived. The reaction of an individual based on a perceived injustice or wrongdoing. Acts of revenge can be attributed to an individual's goals or intentions for the affected relationship. Revenge acts as a way for an individual to not only harm the person who wronged them, but also as a way to protect themselves from future wrongdoings.

According to Stephen Yoshimura, revenge can be self-serving as much as it is harmful to others. He further stated that these behaviors are enacted not only to hurt the offending party, but also to regain one's dignity. His research suggests that individuals perform acts of revenge in order to establish dominance over another.

Precursors
Damage to one’s self esteem, along with the violation of established moral and ethical conventions are the two predominate causes of revenge behavior to be enacted in a workplace setting.

Though research on this topic in romantic relationships is slim, studies reveal jealousy to be one of the most predominate precursors to revenge behaviors in such relationships. When jealousy is the trigger, researchers suggest that revenge behaviors are committed in an attempt to restore equity in said relationship. Regardless of the cause, researchers agree that revenge is a "destructive communicative response to hurtful events" in relationships.

Function in society
Revenge in any environment is typically governed by social norms and its appropriateness, rationality and morality has been highly contested. Culturally speaking, areas of the world that experience a lack of formal authority and a strong government presence see considerably more acts of revenge in terms of quantity and degree of severity.

Research also suggests that society is considerably more tolerable and accepting of revenge as rational and justified action when there is a lack of authority or central government present.

Research conducted by Stephen Yoshimira found that individuals who are most likely to engage in dangerous and aggressive vengeful behaviors are those who don't feel valued or empowered in their relationship. These behaviors are related to the perceived control one individual has over another in their relationship as a way to establish a dominant position in said relationship. These findings align with prior research that also correlates feelings of dis-empowerment with increasingly violent revenge behaviors.

History
Historically, the morality of revenge is questioned and has not been described as an appropriate characteristic for an individual to obtain. However, there are scholars throughout history that suggest that restoring balance by righting a wrong is in fact a moral act because reprimanding the offender will protect other individuals who associate with them from experiencing the same wrongdoing, describing revenge as "a form of justice."

Types
There are many types of behaviors that could be considered acts of revenge, not all of which are physical. What one considers an act of revenge is often subjective and left open to interpretation, however, the following eight behaviors have been specifically categorized and studied by Stephen Yoshimira:


 * 1) Active Distancing - Intentionally creating emotional and physical separation between self and another.
 * 2) New Relationship Initiation - Attempting to engage in new romantic and/or sexual partnerships with others.
 * 3) Resource Removal - Separating an individual from physical, emotional and/or monetary supports.
 * 4) Uncertainty-Increasing Attempts - Altering or improving one's appearance; flaunting external relationships.
 * 5) Verbal Exchange - Expressing one's thoughts and feelings to the other.
 * 6) Reputation Defamation - Attempting to damage one's personal and/or professional image by providing negative and sometimes inaccurate information about the other.
 * 7) Property Damage - Efforts to destroy or negatively alter one's physical belongings.
 * 8) Physical Aggressiveness - Attempts to cause the other person physical pain.

Emotional Outcomes
Research suggests that people who enact revenge can experience one or more of the following four emotions:


 * 1) Happiness - Feelings of happiness are related to what one would determine to be a successful outcome of a revenge act.
 * 2) Sadness
 * 3) Anger - Feelings of sadness and anger are related to feelings of failure regarding the outcome of a revenge act.
 * 4) Fear - And feelings of fear are experienced when an individual is unsure of whether or not the revenge act helped them to attain their corresponding goal for the relationship.

The emotional outcome of revenge will influence an individual's behaviors and actions regarding vengeful actions in the future. Should the person performing a revenge act experience a positive emotional outcome, they are likely to continue or repeat such behavior. The opposite is also true. If an individual experiences a negative emotional response to a revenge act they have performed, they are unlikely to continue or repeat their actions.

Some research suggests that when individuals believe their act of revenge was successful, they can feel victorious and experience feelings of joy and glory, even providing similar neurological responses to that provided by nicotine and cocaine. However, a 2007 study, conducted by Stephen Yoshimura, revealed that individuals are more likely to experience a negative feeling, like that of regret, after participating in revenge activities. Positivity was the least reported emotion experienced in this context suggesting that revenge is not always considered useful or productive.

While feelings of sadness, anger and fear may occur, contemporary cognitive science research has suggests that "a rage circuit in the hypothalamus" influences revenge behaviors in a similar way to how the hypothalamus controls our other bodily desires. When those desires are met, "people experience satisfaction, as evidenced by the activation of pleasure circuits in the brain (e.g., the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and anterior cingulate cortex).”

Revenge acts and their outcomes directly relate to one's self-esteem. Successful revenge acts, where one is able to defend their honor, improve their self-esteem and the opposite is also true when an individual is unsuccessful in their attempts at revenge. The concept of defending honor is related to the idea of asserting dominance in a relationship as defending honor is also a way of demonstrating one's superiority over another. Improved self-esteem is also achieved when an individual feels successful in their attempts at revenge, believing such actions restore their self respect.

However, there are times where an individual feels pleasure or pride in causing someone else to suffer, even if the act itself never takes place. Some studies have demonstrated that simply fanaticizing the details of revenge is an acceptable form of action.

Third Party Involvement
Revenge is typically a very personal vendetta, but it can be pursued on behalf of a third party if there are close emotional ties between the two involved parties. Though the fear of retaliation toward the third party my lessen the severity of the revenge act or eliminate its attempt entirely.

Individuals pursuing revenge on behalf of another might even see their behavior as even more justified as they believe they are acting in defense of another and not out of aggression as personal retribution.

Consistent with research about revenge acts and personal ties, third party involvement is common in settings where personal ties are strong, such as within families, workplaces, shared interest communities, etc. According to Richard McClelland, this type of intervention "appears in human ontogeny as early as the second year of life."

Critique
Scholars have questioned whether or not the urge to achieve and assert dominance in a relationship is the sole goal of revenge behaviors. Further research into additional goals and alternative forms of motivation has been encouraged.

One aspect of revenge that has been considered quite carefully and has brought about debate among scholars is whether or not those who carry out acts of revenge are of moral character or not. While some believe certain acts are justified based on the initial wrong, others see this behavior as a character flaw.