User:Millim666/sandbox/Oracle Exadata Database Machine

Oracle Exadata Database Machine =Oracle Exadata Database Machine= Oracle Exadata Database Machine (Exadata ) is a combined compute and storage system optimized for running Oracle Database software.

Exadata debuted in 2008 as the first in Oracle’s family of “Engineered Systems”, defined as “hardware and software engineered to work together”.

New generations of Exadata are released roughly once a year.

Exadata combines scale-out compute servers, scale-out storage servers, InfiniBand networking and

specialized software, packaged in one or more hardware racks, with various sizing options.

Exadata compute servers use Intel Xeon processors and the Oracle Linux operating system to run

Oracle Database software. Exadata storage servers perform block storage functions and also run

Exadata Storage Server Software to offload data intensive database processing into storage, closest to the data.

It is Oracle’s claim that optimizing the entire compute/storage/networking infrastructure in Exadata for

the Oracle Database allows it to become the best possible database server platform and that pre-integrating

all the software and hardware simplifies configuration, management, and troubleshooting for customers.

Critics of Exadata point out that this limits it to running Oracle Databases, and it cannot be used as a general-purpose server.

Industry analysts at IDC classify Exadata as an “Integrated Platform” with Oracle Engineered Systems having over

50% market share as of March, 2015. Analysts at Gartner place Oracle Engineered Systems in the leaders quadrant of

their “Integrated Systems Magic Quadrant” report for 2014, giving Oracle the top vendor ranking for “Integrated Stack Systems”.

Use Cases
Exadata is designed to optimally run any Oracle Database workload or mix of workloads.

Long running requests, characterized by data warehouse queries, reports, batch jobs and analytics,

are reputed to run many times faster compared to a conventional, non-Exadata database server.

Customer references often cite performance gains of 10x or greater. Analytics workloads can also

use the Oracle Database In-Memory option on Exadata for additional acceleration.

Exadata’s “Hybrid Columnar Compression” feature is intended to reduce the storage consumption

of data warehouses and archive data as well as increase performance by reducing the amount of I/O.

Transactional (OLTP) workloads on Exadata benefit from the incorporation of flash memory into Exadata’s

storage hierarchy, and the automatic “tiering” of data into memory, flash or disk storage. Special flash

algorithms optimize flash for response time sensitive database workloads such as log writes.

For high-end OLTP, all-flash storage (see Extreme Flash Storage Server below) eliminates the latency of disk media completely.

All Exadata workloads benefit from a very high bandwidth and low latency internal InfiniBand fabric

running a specialized database network protocol called iDB.

Database consolidation on Exadata is common. To minimize resource contention between competing databases and workloads,

“resource management” features of Exadata enable prioritized allocation of CPU, I/O and network bandwidth.

Exadata Models
Oracle Exadata Database Machine is available in two variants: one based on two-socket database

servers and the other based on eight-socket database servers. The two models differ only in the

hardware used for the compute servers. The networking, storage servers and software are the same in both models.

The X5-2 compute servers feature a small form factor, 1 RU (Rack Unit) in height. They employ 2-socket

Intel Xeon processors; each socket with 18 compute cores for 36 total cores per compute server.

Memory starts at 256 GB and can be expanded to 768 GB.

The Exadata X5-2 Database Machine base configuration has 2 compute servers and 3 storage servers,

referred to as a “Quarter Rack”. The same hardware is also available in an “Eighth Rack” configuration

with half of the processing and storage capacity turned off until needed. As the database workload

and/or data size increases, additional compute and storage servers may be added to increase the

volume of work performed in parallel. This is commonly referred to as “scale-out”.

The X4-8 compute server uses eight-socket servers that consume 5 RU in height and have greater

memory capacity than the X5-2. Whereas each X5-2 compute server contains 36 compute cores,

the X4-8 server contains 120 compute cores. This allows large database workloads to easily “scale-up”

within a compute server while still supporting Exadata’s “scale-out” expandability across multiple servers.

The larger memory capacity of the X4-8 also favors in-memory database workloads. Like the X5-2,

the Exadata X4-8 base configuration has 2 compute servers and 3 storage servers, but consumes a “Half Rack” of space.

Additional compute and storage servers may be added until the rack is full.

Exadata Storage Servers
There are two choices for Exadata storage servers; Extreme Flash and High Capacity. X5-2 Extreme Flash

is an all-flash storage server containing 8 PCIe flash drives for a total of 12.8 terabytes of raw storage

capacity. The X5-2 High Capacity storage servers contain 12 disks for a total of 48 terabytes of raw

storage capacity. To improve I/O response times, High-Capacity storage servers also employ 6.4

terabytes of PCIe flash to cache active data blocks. Exadata’s Smart Flash Cache, Smart Flash Log,

Columnar Flash Cache and Write Back Flash Cache features determine how and when to use flash

(see Storage Server Software).

In addition to adding storage servers into an Exadata Database Machine base configuration, storage

servers may also be acquired with or added to Exadata Storage Expansion racks.

Storage performance specifications for a full rack Exadata configuration are as follows:

Note: Based on a full rack configuration of 14 storage servers, 8 compute servers.

IOPS = 8K I/O Operations per Second from SQL

Networking
The Exadata Database Machine provides high-speed networks for internal and external connectivity.

A 40 Gb/Sec InfiniBand network is used for internal connectivity between compute and storage servers

and 10Gb/Sec and 1Gb/Sec Ethernet ports are included for data center connectivity. The InfiniBand

network is also used as the cluster interconnect between compute servers. Exadata has a “direct-to-wire”

protocol that allows the database to talk directly to the InfiniBand hardware, minimizing operating system overhead.

Elastic Configurations
Prior to the X5-2 generation, Exadata systems were only available in fixed-size configurations of Eighth,

Quarter, Half and Full Rack sizes. With the X5-2 Exadata release in January, 2015, “elastic configurations”

were introduced. An elastic configuration has a customer-specified combination of database servers and storage

servers. Elastic configurations allow individual storage or compute servers to be added to a base configuration

until the physical rack is full. For example, an Exadata system optimized for in-memory database processing

could be created by adding many compute servers, each with maximum memory. Conversely, an Exadata system optimized

for a large data warehouse could be configured by adding many High-Capacity storage servers. The ratio of compute

to storage servers can vary, depending on the characteristics of the intended workload. Elastic configurations may

also be used to scale out earlier generation Exadata systems using X5-2 servers. In addition, Exadata Database Machines

have always been able to span multiple racks using the built-in InfiniBand network connections. Thus, Exadata’s

scale-out extends beyond a single physical rack.

Storage Server Software
Much of the technical differentiation in Exadata is contained in the software that runs in the Exadata storage servers.

Unlike conventional storage arrays, Exadata storage servers employ Intel Xeon processors to execute database operations

such as scans, joins and filtering; a feature known as Smart Scans. Eliminating unneeded data in storage bypasses network

limitations and offloads processing that would otherwise be performed in the database servers.

Storage Server Software also implements Smart Flash Cache, Columnar Flash Cache, Flash Logging and Write Back Flash Cache

routines that use flash storage to improve I/O response times. I/O Resource Management allocates I/O bandwidth to databases

or workloads according to specified priorities. Lastly, decompression of Hybrid Columnar Compressed data may be performed

in Exadata storage servers.

Compute Server Software
Exadata compute servers run the Oracle Linux 6 operating system and Oracle Database 11g Release 2 Enterprise Edition or

Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition. Exadata system resources can be optionally virtualized using the Xen based Oracle VM.

All Oracle Database options, such as Real Application Clusters, Multitenant, Database In-Memory, Advanced Compression,

Advanced Security, Partitioning, Active Data Guard and others are optionally available with Exadata. Applications that are

certified to a supported version of Oracle Database are automatically compatible with Exadata. No additional modifications

or certifications are required.

Management Software
Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c (EM) is Oracle’s systems management toolset for centrally managing all Oracle software and hardware,

including the Exadata Database Machine. EM integrates with the built-in Exadata management tooling, as well as with customer’s

existing systems management and helpdesk tools. Exadata plug-in for EM provides an integrated view of compute servers,

storage servers, switches, and topology. In addition, it also provides discovery, monitoring and alerting capability for

Exadata systems management.

Exadata History
Exadata Database Machine generations are sequentially numbered as shown in the table below. With each generation, a number

of software and hardware upgrades were introduced.

Hardware Advances
Note: Based on a full rack configuration of 14 storage servers, 8 compute servers for 2-socket and 2 compute servers for 8-socket

Software Advances
Although the hardware components of Exadata are leading edge for the industry, they are not unique to

Exadata. It is the unique Exadata software and the top to bottom integration of the software

components that distinguish Exadata from any other database server.