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Michael Ira Miller (born 1955), an American biomedical engineer and neuroscientist, is a leading researcher in brain mapping in the field of  medical imaging at  Johns Hopkins University. Miller is the Hershel Seder Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Johns Hopkins University Gilman Scholar. Well known for his pioneering work in the field of computational anatomy  with Ulf Grenander,  Miller directs the  Johns Hopkins Center for Imaging Science within the Whiting School of Engineering; he is also Co-Director, with Richard L. Huganir, of the Johns Hopkins  Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute.

Biography
Miller received his Bachelor of Engineering degree in 1976 from The State University of New York at Stony Brook, and then joined the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University, where he received his Master of Science degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1978 and a Ph.D. degree in Biomedical Engineering in 1983.

After completing his graduate studies, Miller joined the Biomedical Computer Laboratory at Washington University in St. Louis to work on Medical imaging with Donald L. Snyder, then chair of Electrical Engineering at Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science. He then joined the faculty of Electrical Engineering in 1985 and remained on the faculty at Washington University through 1998 as the Newton R. and Sarah Louisa Glasgow Wilson Professor in Engineering. . On two ocassions during this period, Miller was also a visiting professor at Brown University Division of Applied Mathematics, where he worked with Ulf Grenander on image analysis.

In 1998 Miller joined the Department of Biomedical Engineering  at  Johns Hopkins University where he has remained as the Herschel and Ruth Seder Professor of Biomedical Engineering and the Director of the Center for Imaging Science ,  one of the nations premier groups in image analysis. In March of 2011, Miller was appointed by President Ronald J. Daniels and then Provost Lloyd B. Minor as one of 17 inaugural University Gilman Scholars selected from all divisions of the University , in recognition of their efforts to uphold the highest ideals of the University in demonstrating distinguised records in research, artistic achievement, creativity, teaching and service.

In 2015, Miller was selected as the Co-director of the newly awarded Kavli Institute for Discovery Neuroscience.

Michael Miller is a fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Academic Career
Miller did his doctoral work on neural codes in the Auditory system under the direction of Murray B. Sachs and Eric D. Young in the Neural Encoding Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. Fellow graduate students were Patrick Barta, Pete Bernardin, Dan Gibson, Thomas Schalk, Herbert Voigt, Raimond L. Winslow.

With Sachs and Young, Miller focused on   rate - timing   population codes of complex, speech features including voice-pitch and consonant-vowel syllables encoded in the discharge patterns across the entire Auditory nerve. These neural codes formed the basis for the discussions at the 1982 New York Academy of Science meeting on efficacy and timeliness of Cochlear implants.

Early Years in Medical Imaging at Washington University
Miller's impact in the field of brain mapping in Medical imaging, specifically statistical methods  for  iterative image reconstruction began in the mid 80's when he joined Donald L. Snyder at Washington University to work on time-of-flight positron emission tomography (PET) systems being instrumented in Michel Ter-Pogossian's group. Working with Snyder, Miller's notable contribution was to stabilize likelihood-estimators of radioactive tracer intensities via the  method-of-sieves . This became one of the main approaches for controlling noise artifacts in iterations of the Shepp-Vardi algorithm in the context of low count, time-of-flight emission tomography,  and it was during this period that Miller met  Lawrence (Larry) Shepp. Miller subsequently visited Bell Laboratory several times to speak as part of the Henry Landau seminar series, with Shepp remaining a mentor and friend throughout Miller's career.

The Pattern Theory Era and Computational Anatomy
Miller joined the Pattern Theory group at Brown University in 1993 during a sabattical from Washington University to work with Ulf Grenander on problems in image analyis within the Bayesian framework of Markov random field models. Their first noteworthy work together was on the ergodic properties of jump-diffusion processes for inference in  hybrid parameter spaces, which was delivered by Miller at the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society as a  discussed paper. This was the first class of random sampling algorithms defined with ergodic properties proven to sample from distributions supported across discrete sample spaces and supported over the continuum, likening it to the extremely popular Gibb's sampler of Geman and Geman as well as more classical diffusion based samplers associated to Langevin dynamics.

They continued their work together for approximately 15 years after the first sabattical year, with Miller supported as a visiting professor in the Division of Applied Mathematics at Brown. The Millers joined the Grenanders several summers in Sweden at the Grenanders' house in Vastervik, and staying at the Mittag-Leffler Institute in Stockholm as well. During this period, the two worked on linguistic structures and Unification grammars attempting to extend the random field models of Pattern theory to probabilistic structures that exploit the conditional probabilities of directed acyclic graphs. Grenander had modeled the generative theories of Noam Chomsky having published on entropies of Context-Free languages as part of his early work with the Brown Linguistics group, this providing an early bridge for Miller to the Grenander pattern theory school through his own efforts on entropies of the super-critical branching processes.

The two started their work together on human shape and form during this period. Grenander had already published influential papers on deformable templates for hands ; Miller published with Gary Christensen and Richard Rabbitt on the use of flows for dense  template or image matching. Computational anatomy was introduced as a formal theory of human shape and form in the May 1997 lecture given by Grenander and Miller at the 50th Anniversary of the Division of Applied Mathematics at Brown University, and subsequent publication. In the same year with Paul Dupuis, they published the foundational paper establishing the necessary Sobolev smoothness conditions requiring vector fields to have strictly greater than two generalized derivatives (in space of 3-dimensions) which are square-integrable, to ensure that smooth submanifold shapes are carried smoothly by the flows.

Collaborating with the French on Shape and Form
David Mumford appreciated the smoothness results on existence of flows, and encouraged Miller and the French group at École normale supérieure de Cachan who had been working independently to collaborate. In 1998, Mumford organized the Trimestre "Questions Mathématiques en Traitement du Signal et de l'Image" at the Institute Henri Poincaré, out of which emerged the collaborations between Miller, Trouve and Younes on shape which continue to date. The earliest equations on geodesics generalizing the Euler equation on fluids supporting localized scale (compressible) appeared, ,the diffeomorphometry metric first appeared implying a metric structures for shape and form, and subsequenlty the conservation of momentum law. This completed the generative theory of Computational anatomy since the random orbit model could be defined as shoots of the geodesic. The Hamiltonian formalism was subsequently described.

Contributions to Brain Mapping
The Computational anatomy framework establishing high-dimensional brain mapping at the morphological scale of MRI became the defacto standard for cross-section analyses of populations being studied via MRI at 1 mm. Numerous codes now exist for diffeomorphic template or atlas mapping, with many codes now available such as ANTS, DARTEL, DEMONS, LDDMM, StationaryLDDMM, all actively used codes for constructing correspondences between coordinate systems based on sparse features and dense images.

While at Washington University, Miller started a long-term research program with John Csernansky, working on the neuroanatomical phenotyping of Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia and mood disorder. In 2005, they published with John Morris an early work on predicting conversion to Alzheimer's disease based on clinically available MRI measurements using the diffeomorphometry technologies. This was one of the papers influencing the recommendations of the working group to include MR based morphometry markers of medial temporal lobe structures for consideration in clinical diagnosis. In 2014, with Marilyn Albert and Laurent Younes, the Johns Hopkins University BIOCARD, team led by Marilyn Albert demonstrated that the original Braak staging of earliest change associated to the entorhinal cortex in the medial temporal lobe could be demonstrated via diffeomorphometry methods in the population of clinical MRI's , and subsequently that this could be measured via MRI in clinical populations upwards of 10 years before clinical symptom. This has the potential to impact clinical treatment of the disease.

Selected works
Miller has published two books, the first with Donald L. Snyder, the second with Ulf Grenander.