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<!-- Ichirō Tōyama From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ichirō Tōyama(遠山一郎, Tōyama Ichirō) is a Japanologist and Emeritus Professor at Aichi Prefectural University in Japan. His research is about deification of Japanese Emperors.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Overseas research 3 Presentations 4 Books 5 Conclusion of research 6 Notes

1 Biography

Tōyama was born in Tianjin, Republic of China, in 1946. He graduated from Tokyo University of Education (now Tsukuba University) in 1970. He read German literature and switched his research to Japanese classical literature. He became Associate Professor in 1983, Professor in 1991 and Emeritus Professor in 2012 at Aichi Prefectural University. He received M.A. at Tokyo University of Education in 1976 and Ph.D. at Hokkaido University in 1997. As a part-timer he lectured in English about Japanese classical and modern literature translated into English for overseas students, mainly from USA, at Nanzan University in Nagoya from 1999 to 2006.

2 Overseas research

He researched European Japanology from 1994 to 1995 at government expense. He was invited by Dr Peter Kornicki in Faculty of Oriental Studies, Cambridge University, UK.

3 Presentations

(1)'Fiction in Ancient Genealogy' Seminar of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK 25 February 1995 (2)'Japanese Culture and History for US Citizens' Inter Elder Association of Japan, Nagoya International Centre 1997-2003 (3)'Divinity of Emperors in Today's Japan' Conference of Rocky Mountain Southwest Regional Japanese Seminar 2000 University of Arizona, Tucson, USA 3 November 2000 (4)'Poems by Courtiers and Soldiers in the Man’yo Shu' JSAA(Japanese Studies Association of Australia) Biannual Conference 2001 The University of New South Wales and The University of Sydney, Australia 30 June 2001 (5)'Japanese Mythology of the Unbroken Line of Japanese Emperors' Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, Melbourne,Australia 12 August 2003 (6)'Tradition or Invention ;Two Principles of Japanese Ancient Literature' JSAA 2003 Biannual Conference, The Queensland University of Technology,Brisbane, Australia 2 July 2003 (7)'Mythology of the Unbroken Line of Japanese Emperors' Research Seminar Program, Japanese Studies Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 12 August 2003

His presentations take a part of promoting mutual understanding between UK, USA, Australia and Japan. In 2001 Australian Prime Minister John Howard gave a speech about importance of Japanese studies in the General Assembly of JSAA. Tōyama also organized talks by overseas Japanologists for Japanese students and researchers.(note 1)

4 Books

(1) 『天皇神話の形成と万葉集』(Tennoshnwa no Keisei to Man’yoshu “Deification of Japanese Emperors and the Man’yoshu") Hanawa Shobo, Tokyo 1998 (2) 『古事記成立の背景と構想』(Kojiki Seiritu no Haikei to Koso ”The Process of Editing the Kojiki and its Background”) Kasama Shoin, Tokyo 2003 (3) 14 books in collaboration

5 Conclusion of research

He researched the process of deification of Japanese Emperors in seventh and eighth centuries to conclude as follows. 1 The Emperors were recorded as human beings(note 2) in the historical documents named the Kojiki(古事記)(note 3) and the Nihongi(日本紀(note 4)　or Nihonshoki日本書紀). 2 The Emperors were described as deities(note 5) in poems in the Man’yoshu(万葉集)(note 6). The Emperors as deities should be categorized into the two. 2-A: the Emperors were regarded as deities of human world on the Japanese archipelago. 2-B: the Emperors were deities in the world high up in the sky where their ancestor descended from. The poets who described Emperors as the two types of deities were Emperors’ direct subjects. On the other hand, powerful clans’ members such as Sogas and Fudifaras never described Emperors as deities although they were members of the Emperors’ court. About 1100 years later in 1889 The Constitution of the Empire of Japan prescribed ‘ The Emperor is sacred ’ in Article 3. The ground of modern Japan was established on the ancient mythology.

6 Notes The following researchers gave speech; Dr Irmela Hijiye-kirshnereit (President of EAJS), Dr Noel Pinnington (Professor of Arizona University, PhD of Cambridge University), Dr Gaye Rowley (Professor of Waseda University, PhD of Cambridge University), Dr Florence Goyet　(Professor of Lyon University) Yoshii Iwao (吉井巌)　analyzed　the process of the descendants of the Sun Goddess, Amaterasu Ofomikami, to be human beings(『天皇の系譜と神話』Tanno no Keifu to Shinwa), Hanawa Shobo, Tokyo, 1992 Kojiki was edited in A.D. 712 and translated into English by Basil Hall Chamberlain in 1906 with the subtitle Records of Ancient Matters. Nihongi was edited by A.D. 720 and translated into English by William George Aston and published in 1896 with the subtitle Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Time to A.D.697. Konishi Takamitsu (神野志隆光)『柿本人麻呂研究』(Kakinomoto Hitomaro Kenkyu), Hanawa Shobo, Tokyo 1992) analyzed Emperors’ deification from another view point. 『万葉集』( The Anthology of Ten Thousand Leaves ) was probably completed by A.D.780. The latest poem was composed on 1 January A.D. 759.

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