User:MinisterForBadTimes/Roman Stuff

The following is a list of usurpers in the Roman Empire. For an overview of the problem and consequences of usurpation, see Roman usurpers. In the Byzantine Empire (476–1453), rebellion and usurpation were so notoriously frequent (in the vision of the medieval West, where usurpation was rare) that the term "byzantine" became a byword for political intrigue and conspiracy. For usurpation in the Byzantine Empire, see List of Byzantine usurpers.

Usurpers who became legitimate emperors
{see|List of Roman emperors}

The following individuals began as usurpers, but became the legitimate emperor either by establishing uncontested control of the empire or by confirmation of their position by the Roman senate.

First Imperial civil war; the year of the four emperors

 * Galba – killed January 15, 69
 * Otho – committed suicide April 16, 69
 * Vitellius – killed December 22, 69
 * Vespasian – secured the throne

Second Imperial civil war

 * Didius Julianus (193)
 * Septimius Severus (193-211)

Crisis of the Third Century

 * Macrinus (217-e.218) in Syria, former prefect of the Praetorian Guard
 * Maximinus Thrax (235-kS.238) in the Rhine, former centurion
 * Gordian I and Gordian II (238) in Africa, suicide and death in battle
 * Philip the Arab (244-kS.249) in the East, former prefect of the Praetorian Guard
 * Decius (249-kB.251) in Pannonia
 * Trebonianus Gallus (251-253)
 * Aemilianus (kS.251) in Moesia
 * Valerian (253-e.260) in the Rhine, executed by the Persians
 * Claudius II Gothicus (268-270)
 * Aurelian (270-kPG275)

Usurpers not considered legitimate emperors
The following individuals proclaimed themselves emperor (or were proclaimed or appointed as emperor), but are not considered as legitimate emperors because they did not oust the ruling emperor, or did not establish control of the whole empire, or were not accepted by the senate or other imperial colleagues.

Probus: 276-282

 * Bonosus (280)
 * Proculus (280)
 * Saturninus (280)

Carus, Carinus, Numerian: 282-284

 * Sabinus Iulianus

Diocletian: 284-305

 * Amandus and Aelianus: 285
 * Carausius: 286-293
 * Allectus: 293-296
 * Domitius Domitianus: 297
 * Aurelius Achilleus: 297–298
 * Eugenius: 303

Galerius: 305-311

 * Maxentius (307–312)
 * Domitius Alexander (308-e.311)

Constantine I: 309-324

 * Calocaerus (e.333/334)

Constantius II: 337-361

 * Magnentius and Decentius (350–353)
 * Vetranio (350)
 * Nepotianus (350)
 * Claudius Silvanus (355)

Valentinian I: 364-375

 * Procopius (366)
 * Marcellus (366)
 * Theodorus (371) - Nominated by divination as the new emperor to succeed Valens
 * Firmus (372-375)

Theodosius I: 379-395

 * Magnus Maximus (383-388) and Flavius Victor (384-388)
 * Eugenius (392-e.394)

Honorius: 395-423

 * Marcus: 406-407
 * Gratian: 407
 * Constantine "III": 407-411
 * Constans "II": 407-411
 * Maximus of Hispania: 409-411, 420-421
 * Priscus Attalus: 409-410, 415-416
 * Jovinus: 411-413
 * Sebastianus: 412-413

Valentinian III: 423-455

 * Joannes: 423-425

Anthemius: 467-472

 * Arvandus: 468
 * Romanus: 470

Possible usurpers
Several histories contain details of other supposed usurpers, but there is little or no supporting evidence that these individuals existed or attempted usurpation.

The Thirty Tyrants
The Thirty Tyrants (Latin: Tyranni Triginta) were a series of thirty rulers that appear in the Historia Augusta as alleged usurpers to the throne of the Roman Empire during the reign of the emperor Gallienus. The Historia Augusta is unreliable, and there is a scholarly consensus that the author deliberately inflated the number of pretenders in order to parallel the Thirty Tyrants of Athens. The source actually gives 32 names but as the author places the last two under the reign of Maximinus Thrax and Claudius II respectively, this leaves thirty pretenders supposedly under the reign of Gallienus.

Unsuccessful regional usurpers after the fall of Rome (476)

 * Burdunellus (e.496), in the Ebro valley
 * Peter (e.506), in the Ebro valley