User:Mitchumch/Cambridge movement

Background

 * Cold War, Decolonization movement, and international alignment of new nations with the Soviet Union or United States
 * Route 40, African diplomats, racial segregation, and discrimination (between United Nations and Washington D.C.)
 * Incidents
 * K. A. Gbedemah, Ghanaian delegation to the United Nations, turned away from Howard Johnson's restaurant near Dover, Delaware (October 1957 during Eisenhower Administration)
 * Adam Malick Sow, Ambassador from Chad refused service at Bonnie Brae Diner restaurant on June 26, 1961
 * Tesfaya Rosa, second Secretary of Ethiopian Embassy police report ignored, tires repeatedly punctured, boulders blocked car door
 * Dr. William Fitzjohn, Charge d'Affairs of the African State of Sierra Leone refused service at Howard Johnson's restaurant in Hagerstown, Maryland
 * E. M. Debrah, counselor of the Ghanaian embassy
 * William E. Annan, Ghana's Assistant Commissioner of Labor, turned away from a boarding house in Wash., D.C.
 * International reaction
 * Domestic reactions
 * President John F. Kennedy's response to discriminatory treatment of non-white diplomats
 * Special Assistants to the President
 * Frederick Dutton
 * Harris Wofford
 * U.S. State Department
 * Dean Rusk, Secretary of State
 * Congressional testimony (1963)
 * Special Protocol Service Section (SPSS)
 * Pedro Sanjuan
 * Civil Rights Act of 1964
 * Special Protocol Service Section (SPSS)
 * Pedro Sanjuan
 * Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prelude: Sit-ins and "Freedom Rides" 1962

 * US state of Maryland
 * Maryland Commission on Interracial Problems and Relations (MCIPR)
 * William C. Rogers Sr., head of MCIPR
 * Public accommodations bill first introduced in Maryland General Assembly: February 14, 1962
 * Fourteen-day jailing after protest of segregation accommodations
 * Wally Nelson and Juanita Morrow Nelson
 * Second Ward
 * Waugh Methodist Church
 * Calvin W. Mawbray, Cambridge Mayor
 * Student participants from:
 * African-American colleges
 * Morgan State University Baltimore
 * Howard University Washington, D.C.
 * Maryland State College
 * Ivy League colleges
 * Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Skidmore College Saratoga Springs, New York
 * Swarthmore College Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
 * Brown University Providence, Rhode Island
 * Goucher College Baltimore
 * Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC) organized: January 1962
 * Demonstration for desegregation: January 1962
 * Reggie Robinson, SNCC members, beaten by police and local whites
 * Bill Hansen, SNCC members, beaten by police and local whites
 * Demonstration for desegregation
 * A coalition of members from CNAC, SNCC, CORE, and students from local African American colleges demonstrate
 * Local whites led by police chief and state senator form a counter protest

Mass protests, self-defense & National Guard

 * Sentencing of two youths: June 10, 1963
 * Dinez White, spend three months in the juvenile prison
 * Dwight Cromwell, spend three months in the juvenile prison
 * Cambridge riot of 1963: June 11, 1963
 * National Guard into Cambridge: June 11, 1963 – May 1965
 * George M. Gelston, Adjutant General of Maryland

Washington, D.C. meetings and Treaty of Cambridge

 * Washington, D.C. meeting: July 22, 1963
 * Federal government
 * Robert Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General
 * Burke Marshall, Kennedy's assistant for civil rights
 * Robert C. Weaver, head of the federal Housing and Home Finance Agency
 * Civil rights worker's
 * Gloria Richardson
 * John Lewis, SNCC chairman
 * Reginald Robinson
 * Stanley Branche, local NAACP leader
 * State and local government
 * Thomas B. Finon, Maryland state attorney general
 * Robert C. Murphy, Maryland state deputy attorney general
 * Edmund C. Mester, Governor Tawes's top aide
 * Brig. Gen. George M. Gelston
 * Washington, D.C. meeting: July 22, 1963
 * Treaty of Cambridge or Cambridge Accord
 * Public Accommodations Law (1964): Md Legislature passed bill on March 14 & signed by the Governor on April 7
 * Pikesville, Maryland Armory

Anti-Wallace protests & "white-backlash"

 * Rally for George Wallace: May 1964
 * George Wallace - Cambridge was first stop in Maryland campaign during Democratic primary (1964)
 * National States' Rights Party rally: July 24, 1967
 * Speaker Joe Carroll

Black Power protests & repression

 * Local officers, state police, and National Guard
 * Cambridge police officers
 * Maryland State Police
 * Maryland National Guard members
 * Cambridge riot of 1967 or "Brown Riot": July 24, 1967
 * H. Rap Brown speech: July 24, 1967"[Partial transcript] We say to these leaders, how can you tell black people to be nonviolent, and at the same time condone the sending of white killers into the black communities? It's something wrong. We are going to control our communities by any means necessary. We built the country up, we'll burn it down. You can quote that. I say violence is necessary. Violence is a part of America's culture. It is as American as cherry pie."
 * Pine Street Elementary School catches on fire
 * Volunteer Fire Company (VFC) refuses to extinguish fires without police escorts citing fears of snipers
 * 16 adjacent buildings catch fire
 * Spiro Agnew tours burnt out area & seeks capture of H. Rap Brown

Result: Immediate outcome of conflict

 * US Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by James Eastland
 * Testimony of witnesses on riots
 * Cambridge Police Chief Brice Kinnamon
 * Maryland National Guard Gen. George Gelston
 * House passed anti-riot bill HR 421:
 * J. Edgar Hoover speech before National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (aka Kerner Commission)
 * FBI launch a COINTELPRO initiative on August 25, 1967 and target numerous groups and individuals, including H. Rap Brown and SNCC

Legacy

 * Political transformation of Spiro Agnew - moderate Republican to conservative Republican
 * National Commission on Civil Disorders
 * Kerner Report
 * low-level civil disturbance, not a riot