User:Mitra002/Symbiosis

my goal: imrprove sybiosis defeniotion and also addd to teh co-evolution idea/ hologenome development and evolution.

add words under coevolution (see hologenome theory wiki)

 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.20196 (from an evolutionary/ hologenome perspective)


 * all living things have symbiotic relationships. these relarionships are important to the holobiont's success and fitness. this artilce looks at and explains the hologenome theory of evoltuion.

-all organisms have some symbiotic relationships

-there are more microbes than the host and their abundance determines the holobionts heath.

-mutalism: both benefit


 * -parasitism- simbiont benefits and host doesnt

-hologenome: holobiont and symbiont are seen as one whole, not 2 parts.

doi: 10.12688/f1000research.14385.1


 * holobiont is described as the microbiome of the host. natural selection is an important part of the holobiont phenotype. this allows for the idea of evolution working on the holobiont effecting the hologenome.

-microbes exist in every multicelluar organism

-microbes are evrywhere in and on other organisms

 https://www.jstor.org/stable/40538233 (symbiosis and epigenetics)


 * symbiosis and epigenetics and evolutionary developmental biology. This article looks at th the importanceof the genome and the environment an organism is in and how those can effect phenotypes. the importance of the relationships working together is known as codevelopment.

-evolution come from changes in development

-lots of organims rely on symbiontds to develop properly= codevelopment

--> seen in arthropods and also vertebrates

--> tsymbionts send signals to hosts for development

--> vartions within species that are selected for or against bc of symbionts

-developmental symbiosis

-->hologenome: holobiont- host and sibiont genomes together

https://www.britannica.com/science/coevolution



-differnt species effect each other

--> come together to maximize benefit by contributing things

-->can be multiple species

-sort species communities

-help with evolution

 https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.20196 (from an evolutionary/ hologenome perspective)
 * all living things have symbiotic relationships. these relarionships are important to the holobiont's success and fitness. this artilce looks at and explains the hologenome theory of evoltuion.

doi: 10.12688/f1000research.14385.1
 * holobiont is described as the microbiome of the host. natural selection is an important part of the holobiont phenotype. this allows for the idea of evolution working on the holobiont effecting the hologenome.

 https://www.jstor.org/stable/40538233 (symbiosis and epigenetics)
 * symbiosis and epigenetics and evolutionary developmental biology. This article looks at th the importanceof the genome and the environment an organism is in and how those can effect phenotypes. the importance of the relationships working together is known as codevelopment.

Co-evolution and the Hologenome Theory
Leafhoppers protected by meat ants

Further information: Co-evolution

Symbiosis is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution; many species have a long history of interdependent co-evolution.

Although symbiosis was once discounted as an anecdotal evolutionary phenomenon, evidence is now overwhelming that obligate or facultative associations among microorganisms and between microorganisms and multicellular hosts had crucial consequences in many landmark events in evolution and in the generation of phenotypic diversity and complex phenotypes able to colonize new environments.

Evolution originated from changes in development where variations within species are selected for or against because of the symbionts involved.

Hologenome Development and Evolution
The Hologenome theory relates to the holobiont and symbionts genome together as a whole. TRANSITION Microbes live everywhere in and on every multicellular organism. Many organisms rely on their symbionts in order to develop properly, this is known as co-development. In cases of co-development the symbionts send signals to their host which determine developmental processes. Co-development is commonly seen in both arthropods and vertebrates.