User:Mizkim345

 Sources 

https://www.etikkom.no/en/ethical-guidelines-for-research/ethical-guidelines-for-the-use-of-animals-in-research/

https://www.enago.com/academy/important-ethical-considerations-animal-studies/

https://www.iep.utm.edu/anim-eth/

https://bitesizebio.com/32504/laboratory-animal-ethics-the-3-rs/

https://www.animalethics.org.au/three-rs

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3714121/

http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/animals/three-rs/

https://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/pellison/workingpapers/Ellison-Journal%20of%20Animal%20Law%20and%20Ethics.pdf

https://www.thoughtco.com/historical-timeline-of-animal-rights-movement-127594

Ethical Guidelines for Animal Research

There are a wide-range of ethical assessments regarding animals used in research. There are general opinions on that animals do have a moral status and how they are treated should be subjected to ethical consideration. Some of the positions include:


 * Animals have intrinsic values that must be respected.
 * Animals can feel pain and their interests must be taken into consideration.


 * Our treatment of all animals/lab animals reflects on our attitudes and influences us on our moral beings.

To go into further details of guidelines that are to be followed includes:


 * 1) Respect Animal Dignity: Researchers must have respect towards the animals' worth, regardless of their value and the animals' interests as living, sentient creatures. Researchers has to have respect when choosing their topics/methods, and when expanding their research.  Researchers also has to supply care that is adapted to needs to each laboratory animal.
 * 2) Responsibility for considering options (Replace): When there are alternatives available, researchers are responsible for studying those alternatives for animal experimentation. When there are no good alternatives available, researchers have to consider if the research can be postponed until a good alternative are developed.  While being able to justify the experiments on animals, researchers then have to be accountable for the absence of alternative options and the urge to obtain the knowledge immediately.
 * 3) The principle of proportionality: responsibility for considering and balancing suffering and benefit: Researchers have to consider both the risks of pain and suffering that laboratory animals will face and assess them in the value of relationship to the research of animals, people, and the environment.  Researchers have a responsibility on whether or not the research will have improvements for the animals, people or the environment.  All of the possible benefits of the study has to be considered, substantiated and specified in both the short and long run.  This responsibility also entails the obligation to consider both the scientific quality of the experiment and whether or not the experiment will have relevant scientific benefits.  Suffering can only be caused by animals if there is a counterbalance of a substantial and probable benefits for animals, people or the environment.  Since there are many methods of analyzing the harm and the benefits, research institutions have to provide training on suitable models and researchers have the responsibility to use the methods of analysis when planning any experiments on animals(see guideline 5).
 * 4) Responsibility for considering reducing the number of animals (Reduce): Researchers have the responsibility to consider whether or not its acceptable to reduce the amount of animals that an experiments plan on using and include the number necessary to both the scientific quality of the experiments and the the relevance to the results only. Before the experiment, researchers have to conduct reading studies and consider alternative designs and perform the calculations that are needed before beginning an experiment.
 * 5) Responsibility for minimizing the risk of suffering and improving animal welfare (Refine): Researchers have the responsibility to assess the expected effect on laboratory animals.  Researchers have to lessen the risk of suffering and provide excellent animal welfare.  Suffering includes pain, hunger, malnutrition, thirst, abnormal cold/heat. fear, stress, illness, injury, and restrictions to where the animal can't be able to behave naturally and normally.  To find out what is a considerable amount of suffering, a researcher's assessment should be based off of which animal suffers the most.  Considering the  animals is  the deciding factor if there are any doubts about regarding the suffering the animals will face.  Researchers have to consider the direct suffering that the animal might endure during an experiment, but there are risks before and after the suffering, including breeding, transportation, trapping, euthanizing, labeling, anesthetizing, and stabling.  This means that all the  researchers has to take into account of the needs of periods for adaptation before and after an experiment.
 * 6) Responsibility for maintaining biological diversity: Researchers are also responsible for ensuring that the use of laboratory animals don't disrupt or endanger biological diversity.  This means that researchers have to consider the consequences to the stock and their ecosystem as a whole.  The use of endangered species have to be reduced to a minimum.   When there is credible and uncertain, knowledge that the inclusion of animals in research and the use of certain methods may have ethically unacceptable consequences for the stock and the ecosystem as a whole, researchers must observe the precautionary principle.t
 * 7) Responsibility when intervening in a habitat: Researchers have a responsibility for reducing the disruption and any impact of the natural behaviors of the animals, including those who aren't a direct test subjects in research, as well as the population and their surroundings. Most research and technology-related projects, like the ones regarding environmental technology and surveillance, might impact the animals and their living arrangements.  In those cases, researchers have to seek to observe the principle of proportionality and to decrease possible negative impact(see guideline 3).
 * 8) Responsibility for openness and sharing of data and material: Researchers have the responsibility for ensuring the transparency of the research findings and facilitating sharing the data and materials from all animal experiments. Transparency and sharing are important in order to not repeat the same experiments on animals.  Transparency is also important in order to release the data to the public and and a part of researchers' responsibility for dissimulation.  Negative results of the experiments on animals have should be public knowledge.  Releasing negative results to other researchers could give them more on the information about which experiments that are not worth pursuing, shine a light on unfortunate research designs, and can help reduce the amount of animals use in research.
 * 9) Requirement of expertise on animals: Researchers and other parties who work and handle live animals are required to have adequately and updated documentation expertise on all animals. This includes knowledge about the biology of the animal species in question, and willingly be able to take care of the animals properly.
 * 10) Requirement of due care: There are many laws, rules, international convention, and agreements regarding the laboratory animals that both the researchers and the research managers have to comply with. Anyone who wants to use animals in experiments should familiarize themselves with the current rules.

The 3 R's Regarding Ethical Treatment of Animals

The 3 R's were first introduced in 1959 by Russel and Burch, and that stands for Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. The 3 R's are the guiding principles for the ethical treatment of animals used for testing and experimentation. The guidelines in further details are:


 * Replacement: The goal of the first R is to substitute any animals if there are any alternatives available. Animals are only used when tissue samples or cells are needed and these experiments are conducted in vitro- tissue cultures/slices, perfused organs, cellular/subcellular fractions.  All of those methods are well suited when the studies are at a cellular, tissue, and subcellular level and these methods are time saving and cost effective.  Some of the disadvantages includes complex systems can't be studied while using lower organisms, any research involving multiple cells or organ systems can't be studied in vitro, conducting behavior studies that are challenging without using any whole animals, and not all in silico results are reliable.
 * Reduction: The goal of the second R is to reduce the number of animals used in any experiment to get results. Researchers have to plan studies where animals can be used as their own controls.  They also have to be able to share the animals between experiments or in research labs.  Researchers have to plan successful breeding strategies so there won't be an excess number in supply that may or may not be used in any experiments.  Also, they have to encourage publishing of negative data so there won't be any repetition of any experiments that are unnecessary.  Some disadvantages include statistical analyzes might be affected by a small sample size, and some journal reviewers might ask for a repeat experiment.
 * Refinements: The goal of the final R is to minimize the pain and distress in animals and to refine the experiments and protocols.  The two key issues are to assess any impact of the procedures or the conditions of the well-being of the animals and to come up  with strategies to minimize or eliminate the incoming impact. The disadvantages includes any refinement strategies that require any additional resources, training, and efforts.  None of the limitations that are mentioned before are excuses to compromise the animal's quality of life and welfare.

History

The ideology of animal rights have evolved continuously throughout the first millennia. In ancient Hindu and Buddhist cultures, their scriptures advocates toward a vegetarian diet. Between 1635-1780, animal rights were first introduced. The first country that passed the animal protection legislation is Ireland in 1635, which is "An Act against plowing by the tayle, and pulling the wool off living sheep." Moving forward to 1641, Massachusetts colony's called Body of Liberties that includes regulation against any "Tirranny or Crueltie" towards animals. In 1687, Japan reintroduced a ban on eating meat/killing animals. Finally in 1780, an English philosopher named Jeremy Bentham argued for better treatment for animals. Between 1822-1892, animal rights were improving. In 1822, the British Parliament passed "Act to Prevent the Cruel and Improper Treatment to Cattle." Moving on to 1824, the first society was founded in England by Richard Martin, Arthur Broome, and William Wilberforce for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. In 1835, Britain passed the first Cruelty to Animals Act. Jumping to 1866, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals moved to America and was founded by New Yorker Henry Bergh. In 1875, Frances Power Cobbe established the National Anti-Vivisection Society in Britain. When it was 1892, an English social reformer named Henry Stephens Salt published "Animal Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress." Between 1944-1998, animal rights were improving tremendously. This time period Veganism is being introduced slowly. In 1944, Donald Watson, who is an English animal rights advocate, founded the Vegan Society in Britain. A philosopher named Peter Singer published "Animal Liberation" in 1975.