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= Joseph Alphonso Pierce (1902-1969) =

Joseph Alphonso Pierce (1902-1969) was an American mathematician and statistician. He was one of the first African Americans to earn a PhD in Mathematics in the United States. He was an educator who had a long career as teacher, administrator, and researcher.

Background/Education
Joesph Alphonso Pierce was born August 10, 1902, in Waycress, Georgia. He was the son of a Methodist minister who became orphaned at an early age. This left his uncle, Joseph McGraw, to raise him in Waycress. He received his early education from public schools in Georgia. Pierce chose to continue his studies after graduating high school, receiving his bachelor's degree in social science from the University of Atlanta in 1925. He was also a varsity football player during this time. Pierce received his master's degree in mathematics from the University of Atlanta in 1930 and later a PhD from the University of Michigan in 1938. The research he conducted for his PhD was focused on the study of universe n finite populations with application to moment-function adjustments for grouped data.

Career
Pierce began his career at Texas College in Tyler, Texas where he was an instructor in the Mathematics Department from 1925-1927. Having played college football himself, Pierce also was an assistant coach for the football team there. He then spent two years, from 1927-1929, as a math teacher at Booker T. Washington High School in Atlanta, Georgia. After receiving his master's in 1930, Pierce took a position as a professor of mathematics at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas. It was here that he began to work on his PhD. Upon earning his PhD in 1938, Joseph Pierce returned to the University of Atlanta where he taught math and statistics and also served as the chair of the Department of Mathematics. In 1948 Pierce moved to Texas State College for Negroes (later to become Texas Southern University) in Houston, where he was professor of mathematics from 1948–1954, head of the Mathematics Department from 1948–1957, and chair of the Division of Natural Physical Sciences. He continued to progress at the university, eventually becoming the Dean of the Graduate School in 1952. Pierce continued to teach and be involved in various ways at Texas Southern for many years until 1967 when he was elected President of the University. He was also a consultant to NASA for a period of two years (1967-1968).

Academic Journals
Pierce, Joseph. On the Summation of Progressions Useful in Time Series Analysis, Journal of the American Statistical Association 39 (1944), 387-89.

Pierce, Joseph. Correction Formulas for Moments of a Grouped-Distribution of Discrete Variates, Journal of the American Statistical Association 38 (1943), 57-62.

Pierce, Joseph. A Study of a Universe of n Finite Populations with Application to Moment-Function Adjustments for Grouped Data, Annals of Mathematical Statistics 11, no. 3 (1940). 311-34.

Books
Edmondson, Ralph A. and Pierce, Joseph A., Elementary Mathematics and Applications (1934)

Edmondson, Ralph A. and Pierce, Joseph A. Introductory College Mathematics and Applications (1937).

Pierce, Joseph A. The Atlanta Negro: A Collection of Data on the Negro Population of Atlanta, Georgia (1940).

Negro Business and Business Education
While in Atlanta (1944-1946), Pierce was appointed research director of a large study of African American businesses and business opportunities sponsored by the University of Atlanta. He later published the results of this study and more in his book Negro Business and Business Education: Their Present and Prospective Development (1947). Although he was a talented mathematician and statistician, Joseph Pierce was most known for this work. What he found was that black owned businesses captured a very small percentage of what could be their potential patronage. He saw that 99 percent of black customers bought clothes and shoes from white owned businesses and that only 28 percent of blacks wen to black-owned grocery stores. Causes for this ranged from lack of sales promotion, inadequate business training, and subpar record-keeping on the part of black business owners.

This book was quite influential and laid the groundwork for Atlanta University to establish a graduate School of Business Administration. Pierce spent the better part of the rest of his life dedicating himself to the cause of enlarging job opportunities for African Americans and cooperating with local universities to improve services to the black community. He regularly encouraged black business leaders to look for new areas of growth and to strive to serve the needs of the black consumer so as to keep the wealth within the community.