User:Mkompsie/sandbox

"Article Evaluation" 2009 flu pandemic in Oceania

One line in the article that distracted me a bit from the main point of it was in the 'Australia' section where it talked about the NSW health issue for the passengers of the cruise ship to stay home for at least 7 days afterwards. For the most part, the information of this article is naturally out of date, considering this event occurred 9 years ago. For example, the last line in the first paragraph says "where most of the remainder cases in Oceania have occurred, is on high alert for any people travelling into the country with flu-like symptoms." At this point in time, the past tense should be used instead of "is" since this epidemic is long since over. The overall tone of the article itself is neutral, which is good. The most jarring thing I noticed about this article is that not all statistical facts are cited properly or even at all. For example, in the 'Palau' section, the first and third (last) lines don't even has citations, and middle that line that does have a citation has a link that leads to some unrelated website about Bangkok hotels. Most of the talk section of this article discussed how this article included Antarctica when it shouldn't have, and most of the sources of information or data seem to be outdated. The article is C-class rated and is part of the medical WikiProject.

***First Draft for the ENPH 450 Wikiproject Epidemiology of pneumonia (*note that when moved over to the actual page, references will actually correspond with their number in the reference list, so for now, [1] is reference 14, [2] is reference 15, and [3] is 16)

Pneumonia is a common illness affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world. It is a major cause of death among all age groups, resulting in 1.4 million deaths in 2010 (7% of the worlds yearly total) and was the 4th leading cause of death in the world in 2016, resulting in 30 million deaths worldwide .[1] Pneumonia is a type of lower respiratory tract infection, and is also the most deadly communicable disease as of 2016..[1] Rates are greatest in children less than five and adults older than 75 years of age. It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing world versus the developed world. Viral pneumonia accounts for about 200 million cases.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Hospital-acquired pneumonia is pneumonia that is acquired in a hospital setting at least 48 hours after being admitted[2]. Pneumonia the second most common hospital-acquired disease, while also being the leading cause of death among hospital-acquired infections.[2] Hospital-acquired pneumonia is also seen to be the cause for nearly half of all the antibiotics taken within hospitals worldwide.[2] A subtype of hospital-acquired pneumonia, known as ventilator-associated pneumonia, is described as pneumonia acquired more than 48 hours after an endotracheal intubation procedure was performed.[2] It is also seen to be the most common infection in intensive care units (ICU), making up around 70-80% of the cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia in ICU's. The primary pathogen that can cause hospital-acquired pneumonia is dependent on the geographical location. Overall, it was found that six most common bacteria that caused most hospital-acquired pneumonia cases were S. aureus, P. aeurginosa, Klebsiella species, E. coli, Acinetobacter species, and Enterobacter species. While the majority of these pathogens are bacteria, it is possible for multiple pathogens to infect at once and cause pneumonia.[2]

Children
In 2008 pneumonia occurred in approximately 156 million children (151 million in the developing world and 5 million in the developed world). It caused in 1.6 million deaths or 28–34% of all deaths in those under five years of age of which 95% occur in the developing world. Countries with the greatest burden of disease include: India (43 million), China (21 million) and Pakistan (10 million).

Children in developing countries are at a significantly higher risk for developing pneumonia, as malnutrition, overcrowding, and the lack of proper housing are prevalent risk factors. Other illnesses can also worsen the chances for developing pneumonia, such as malaria which is commonly seen in Africa and South Asia. Overall, the most determining risk factors for developing pneumonia among children in developing countries are age and the season. Children under 1 year of age are more at risk, and children overall are more at risk during rainy/wet seasons. S. pneumoniae appears to be the most prominent cause of infection, although it's unclear as to whether bacterial and viral co-infection plays a larger role in infecting children. [3]

It is the leading cause of death among children in low income countries. Many of these deaths occur in the newborn period. The World Health Organization estimates that one in three newborn infant deaths are due to pneumonia. Approximately half of these cases and deaths are theoretically preventable, being caused by the bacteria for which an effective vaccine is available.