User:Mlgc1998/Experimental Pe̍h-uē-dī

For Philippine Hokkien


 * (Some people think it's interchangeable. Distinctions are more set for generational speakers, especially later generations.)

Consonants

 * If the proceeding vowel is [i], or sometimes [u], [e], the initials, [d] and [l], often act as allophones.
 * If the proceeding vowels are either, [a], [ɔ], the initials, [l] or [n], occasionally act as allophones.
 * [ ɕ], [tɕʰ], [tɕ] are rarely used or less often heard, where many speakers prefer to use [ s], [tsʰ], [ts] in its place.
 * If the proceeding vowels are either, [a], [ɔ], the initials, [l] or [n], occasionally act as allophones.
 * [ ɕ], [tɕʰ], [tɕ] are rarely used or less often heard, where many speakers prefer to use [ s], [tsʰ], [ts] in its place.


 * Sometimes, final stops are assimilated to the next initial consonant, meaning they are dropped, especially if they are on the same row or column above.
 * If the next syllable's initial is a vowel, speakers might assimilate its previous syllable's final as if the new initial consonant of the next syllable.

Vowels & Rhymes

 * [ɔ] and [o] ar e usually not distinguished, so both could just be written as「o」, but if prefer to specify, it could be either written as o [ɔ] and ou [o], or as o [o] and o' [ɔ].
 * o / o' usually pronounced as [ɔ] is the most common by default among speakers, but rarely, there might be [o] in some terms with a few speakers.
 * -" / -* / -^ / -` / -' forms the nasal vowels [ ◌̃] in shorthand, while -ⁿ for formal, since -ⁿ is usually hard to type on most keyboards of mos t devices, while -nn / -'n / -n- [ ◌̃] are easily confused with -n [n] by speakers/readers unfamiliar with Hokkien romanization systems, which is today's norm over the bulk of today's speakers.
 * There is also syllabic m and ng.
 * -" / -* / -^ / -` / -' forms the nasal vowels [ ◌̃] in shorthand, while -ⁿ for formal, since -ⁿ is usually hard to type on most keyboards of mos t devices, while -nn / -'n / -n- [ ◌̃] are easily confused with -n [n] by speakers/readers unfamiliar with Hokkien romanization systems, which is today's norm over the bulk of today's speakers.
 * There is also syllabic m and ng.


 * -ing may also be pronounced as [ɪəŋ].
 * -ik may also be pronounced as [ɪək̚].
 * -ian may also be pronounced as [ɪən].
 * -iat may also be pronounced as [ɪət̚].
 * -ia may also be pronounced as [ja]. If alone with no initial, may be spelled as ya, e.g. 野 (yá / iá).
 * -ian may also be pronounced as [jən]. If alone with no initial, may be spelled as yan, e.g. 緣投 (yân-tâu / iân-tâu) & some surnames.
 * -iang may also be pronounced as [jaŋ]. If alone with no initial, may be spelled as yang, especially surnames.
 * -iap may also be pronounced as [jap̚]. If alone with no initial, may be spelled as yap, especially surnames.
 * -iau may also be pronounced as [jaʊ̯]. If alone with no initial, may sometimes be spelled as yao, especially surnames.
 * -iong may also be pronounced as [jɔn]. If alone with no initial, may sometimes be spelled as yong, especially surnames.
 * -iu may also be pronounced as [jʊ̯]. If alone with no initial, may sometimes be spelled as yu, especially surnames.
 * -iu may also be pronounced as [jʊ̯]. If alone with no initial, may sometimes be spelled as yu, especially surnames.

Writing Guidelines
Spaces denote how the speaker distinguishes terms/words. If a term has multiple syllables, hyphens may be used to link elements of a compound word, especially in between two letters in danger of being misread from its intended pronunciation, otherwise if there is no danger, it may be permissible to write multiple syllables for a single considered term together without spaces. A double hyphen (--) indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.

Loanwords used from code-switching and/or code-mixing are spelled as they are spelled from the source language, but tone diacritics may be used over a vowel of each of its syllables, if it was pronounced as so and if one really wishes to accurately show that. If there are no vowels on the syllable that could properly have a diacritic as the tone mark, it may be placed on the appropriate consonant, such as y / m / n / ng / etc. If the loanword has already long been widely regarded to be part of the language, it may use the chinese characters usually used for it and fully follow the phonology and orthography.

The starting letters of proper nouns and the starting term of sentences are capitalized.

Shorthand Writing
Shorthand writing involves the easiest way to type Hokkien, usually in romanization, where all you will need is your standard default keyboards, like the QWERTY keyboard. Typing in shorthand focuses on ease of use and contextual means to achieve that. In shorthand, you do not need to type diacritic marks or any way to signify tones, where understanding the terms will mainly rely on context based on what both dialogue partners already understand among each other. The nasalization can also be signified using characters present on the common keyboard, such as -" / -' / -` / -^ / -*. The danger is with homonym terms and terms that are unfamiliar to the other person, where it is much better to really start using Chinese characters, so that unfamiliar terms can also be more easily copy-pasted for easier look up, rather than ambiguously romanized words where there is an uncertainty that both parties are able to comprehend and look up unfamiliar terms. For newly coined chinese characters created from contractions, it is a very common occurrence that these are not renderable on many devices, so a workaround for this is to simply use the original multiple characters that formed the contraction (when writing in chinese characters) or to write it in romanization, given that the one being spoken to is also aware of this contraction.

Formal Writing
Formal writing involves writing in the most aesthetic or proper way possible according to the writer's preference that will be most acceptable and understandable to their audience. This sort of writing is where one can proceed with using diacritics to represent tones (even with codeswitched terms if one wishes), using nasalization marks like -ⁿ, and using all the most proper Chinese characters. The reason for this delineation is of course, due to the difficulty or how it usually takes longer to find ways to write and display these. If one has the time to engage in formal writing, one may do so as much as possible, but for faster purposes, shorthand writing can be a faster technique.

Existing Syllables
Some are used by Tâi-lô and Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ). Some can be independently found and listed in Wiktionary.

