User:Mliu92/sandbox/Chen Wen-chen

Chen Wen-chen (, sometimes romanized as Chen Wen-cheng) was an assistant professor of mathematics (specializing in probability and statistics) at Carnegie Mellon University who died on July 3, 1981 under mysterious circumstances. After the conclusion of his third year of teaching, he returned to his native Taiwan for a vacation. He was instructed not to leave Taiwan on his scheduled departure date. Members of Taiwan's secret police, the Garrison Command, detained and interrogated him for twelve hours on 1981-07-02, and his body was found on the campus of National Taiwan University the next day. The subsequent autopsy reported his death was due to a fall. Chen's death and the earlier massacre of Lin Yi-hsiung's family are cited as late examples of White Terror dissident suppression activities in Taiwan, although the case remains unsolved and the Garrison Command maintains it had nothing to do with his death.

Personal life
Chen was one of eight children and was outspoken and straightforward, according to his brother. He was known to have criticized the Kuomintang-led government in private conversations and advocated for Taiwan independence, raising funds to help those imprisoned in the wake of the Kaohsiung Incident.

Academic career
Chen graduated with a B.S. in mathematics from National Taiwan University (NTU) in 1972 and served in the military, fulfilling his compulsory service. He left Taiwan for the United States in 1975, earning M.S. (1976) and Ph.D. (1978) degrees in statistics from the University of Michigan, with Professor Bruce Hill stating that he was "outstanding ... the best [student] that I'd seen in statistics in 21 years." Upon graduating from Michigan, he joined the faculty in the Department of Mathematics of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in the fall of 1978. He published several papers in the area of statistics and probability.

Detainment and death
After his mother visited him in 1981 and assured his concerns about safety, Chen returned to Taiwan for the first time since 1975 on 1981-05-20 with his wife and son. He applied for the exit permit required to return to the US upon arrival, but it had not been granted by the time he was scheduled to depart on 1981-07-01. Typically, exit permits are granted within 48 hours.

Instead, Chen was questioned by Garrison Command for two hours about his United States activities on 1981-06-30, with one question about a personal visit revealing that he had been spied upon. After the first interview, Chen was told he should receive the exit permit the next day. Chen's wife, Chen Su-jen, received a phone call late in the afternoon of 1981-07-01 asking that Chen remain at home early the next morning to await another phone call from the Entrance and Exit Bureau. On the morning of 1981-07-02, officials from Garrison Command showed up at their door and Chen was taken for interrogation, which lasted more than 12 hours. Garrison Command state he was released to return to his brother's apartment, but his body was discovered on the campus of NTU the next morning. A family friend, Teng Wei-hsiang, has claimed that Chen visited him on the evening of 1981-07-02 after the second interview, but was unable to remember critical details. Reportedly, there was some money tucked into his shoe, which is said to be a trick to keep murdered souls moving to the underworld.

Investigations
In the initial days following the discovery of Chen's body, Taiwan Garrison Commander-in-chief General Wang Ching-Hsu speculated that Chen committed suicide, fearing arrest for his unpatriotic crimes, and claimed the interview was "cordial and friendly." Garrison Command spokesman General Hsu Mei-ling echoed the accusations of suicide, adding that they did not believe his activities did not reach a criminal level. Chen's family stated that it would have been impossible for Chen to commit suicide, as it was uncharacteristic of his nature. Chen Su-jen was immediately suspicious of several wounds which seemed atypical of a fall. Carnegie Mellon's presdient, Richard Cyert further stated that he had plenty of reasons to live, with a one-year-old son and a promising academic career. In late July, the Taipei district prosecutor's office allowed the possibility the death may have been an accident instead of suicide, opening the possibility of further investigation if new information or evidence became available. The Control Yuan later backed further away from suicide allegations, stating "the death was most likely accidental" in August 1981.

Garrison Command officials contend Chen confessed to seditious acts during his return to Taiwan, soliciting funds to support the anti-government Formosa Magazine and attempting to establish democratic reforms. They confronted him with photocopies of letters he had written to Shih Ming-teh while Shih was imprisoned.

Carnegie Mellon's president, Richard Cyert, wrote a letter to Chiang Ching-kuo, who then promised a complete investigation into Chen's death. Cyert later pressed for State Department and congressional investigations once it became clear the KMT-led government had no intention of uncovering the true culprits. Chen Su-jen would later testify at a congressional hearing in October 1981.

Autopsies
Preliminary autopsy results stated Chen had suffered thirteen broken ribs, a broken pubis and three fractured vertebrae. Cyril Wecht, a former coroner, stated the autopsy report was incomplete and offered to perform another autopsy. Wecht traveled to Taipei with Morris H. DeGroot, chair of the CMU statistics department in September 1981 to launch their own investigation. Wecht concluded, following a visual examination, that Chen was murdered. but no action was taken by the Taiwan government.

Tina Chou, an American reporter with the Associated Press, had her press credentials revoked after reporting the results of Wecht's investigation. To protest the government's insufficient investigation, Chen's family refused to inter his body.

"Professional students"
While he was a student at Michigan, Chen approached the school newspaper, The Michigan Daily, with a list of alleged secret agents of the Kuomintang government working at Michigan. Although the Daily did not run a story at the time, the issue of "professional students" with KMT sponsorship became more visible following Chen's death; a "professional student" is understood to be one who reports on pro-independence students and faculty in addition to their studies. US Representative Jim Leach (R-IA) accused Taiwanese students of reporting Chen's activities to KMT authorities in July 1981, and Representative Stephen Solarz (D-NY) held a subcommittee hearing in August 1981 where similar accusations were made. One year after Chen's death, student spying activity on the CMU campus was judged to have ceased.

James Soong, then the head of the Taiwan Government Information Office, flatly denied student spying allegations. Ma Ying-jeou has been accused numerous times of being a "professional student," later filing suit over allegations that he was a "professional student" at a memorial rally for Chen.

Memorials
CMU and NTU have both held memorial services on the anniversary of Chen's death. Students at NTU have lobbied to rename a plaza in Chen's memory.

Lawsuit
Chen's family filed suit against five officials of the Taiwan Garrison General Headquarters (TGGH, ) in 2001, seeking the truth behind the events leading up to his death. They had hoped that when Chen Shui-bian was elected, the investigation would be reopened, but were disappointed.

Formosa Betrayed
The events surrounding Chen's death as well as the murder of Henry Liu inspired the film Formosa Betrayed.

Later investigation
In 2006, the Taipei prosecutor's office stated that missing evidence and personnel were hampering any further investigations. However, the original interrogation transcript was recovered in 2009, giving fresh hope to investigators. Four weeks later, the prosecutor's office closed its investigation, stating there was insufficient evidence to charge five Garrison Command officials: Wang Ching-hsu, Kuo Hsueh-chou , Tsuo Hsiao-han , Wang Wen-bin and Wang Yi-hua. The investigations were criticized for not taking a fresh look at the existing evidence, questioning the motivation behind reopening the case.