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Annotated Bibliography

Dolan, Julie, et al. Women And Politics. Traci Crowell, Molly White. 3rd Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. 2016. p. 112.

Fraser, Antonia. '' The Warrior Queens. '' New York: Knopf. 1989.

Arnold, Betina. "'Honorary Males' Or Women of Substance? Gender, Status, And Power In Iron-Age Europe."  Journal of European Archaeology,  vol. 3, no. 2, 1995, pp. 153-168.

Sweetman, Caroline. Gender, Education, And Training. Oxfam Publishing. 1998.

Campus, Donatella. Women Political Leaders And The Media. Palsgrave Macmillan. 2013.

Genovese, Michael A. and Janie S. Steckenreider. '' Women As Political Leaders: Studies In Gender And Governing. '' Rutledge. 2013.

Joshua J. Mark. “Women in Ancient Egypt,” Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified November 04, 2016. http://www.ancient.eu /article/623/

as a footnote:  Joshua J. Mark, “Women in Ancient Egypt,” Ancient History Encyclopedia, last modified November 04, 2016, http://www.ancient.eu /article/623/

Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, "Mortuary Temple and Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut," in Smarthistory, August 9, 2015, accessed December 9, 2016,  http://smarthistory.org/hatshepsut/

Ancient Egypt
Queen Hatshepsut was the first female ruler of ancient Egypt to act as a full pharaoh. Ruling in the New Kingdom, Hatshepsut depicted and asserted herself as a male ruler. In artwork and sculpture of Hatshepsut, she is represented in the traditional pharaoh headdress, kilt, and false beard -- a symbol of kingship; her breasts are reduced and deemphasized, and her shoulders are broad and manly. Hatshepsut executed several building projects and military campaigns and brought Egypt into a period of peace and prosperity. Hatshepsut's actions to improve the status of women during this time are unknown, befitting the attitude of an honorary man though gender inequality did not exist heavily in ancient Egypt compared to other countries. Women could decide their own professions, marry whomever they desired, contract prenuptial agreements that favored them, divorce their husbands, own real estate, enter the clergy, and had access to birth control and abortions. Women in Egypt during this time were respected and esteemed more than their counterparts in other countries and more than Egyptian women would be in later centuries with the rise of Christianity in the 4th century CE and later Islam in the 7th century CE.

Prior to 1900's
In "Queen Elizabeth I and the Persistence of Patriarchy", Allison Heisch describes honorary males as women who accept the values and practices of the male society in which they function, and internalize and follow them. She notes that honorary males tend to support rather than subvert patriarchal governance, and cites as an example Queen Elizabeth I, whose reign had little to no impact on the status of women in England. She had no interest in women's rights and looked upon them with repugnance. Queen Elizabeth I entered into her reign in a social milieu in England that despised and had a general anxiety to the idea of a female ruler. John Knox's The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women characterized the anxiety of the times. Naturally in the face of this defiance, Elizabeth I assimilated into the attitude of a male ruler.

Heisch also cites the example of Gertrude Stein sitting in her salon, smoking cigars and conversing with the men. Stein's participation temporarily modifies the after-dinner ritual in which men smoke cigars and talk amongst themselves, but does not permanently alter it.[1] An exception is made for her because she is seen as different from other women; Ernest Hemingway once wrote in a letter, "Gertrude Stein and me are just like brothers".[4] This distancing herself from the general female sex is a must for the honorary man. Queen Elizabeth I derided her sex often, reiterating her message that she was different. She cut herself from the lowly female sex in the most extreme and permanent sense when she led her men into battle against the Spanish Armada at Tilbury in 1588.

The Double Bind
The double bind is essentially the double standard held against women candidates and political leaders. A woman's ability to overcome the double bind enables her to obtain the status of an honorary man. Women candidates and political leaders must enhance their masculine qualities and reduce their feminine qualities in order to be perceived as capable for the job. Dolan, Deckman, and Swers discuss in their book Women and Politics that a woman candidate must successfully overcome the double bind to participate in the masculine political realm.

In the 2008 United States presidential election, Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin faced unique double binds in their races to presidential and vice-presidential office, respectively. Both candidates had to successfully balance their feminine and masculine images as well as other challenges of public opinion. Clinton was able to overcome the double bind through portraying herself as tough and experienced (masculine) and compassionate and likable (feminine). The Clinton campaign emphasized her involvement in Washington, D.C. and her knowledge on the issues. Her campaign also tried to portray her as a sincere person who cared about the American people. However, Clinton failed to reach the public as a trustworthy individual who can connect and relate to the average person.

Palin also skillfully navigated the double bind, showing herself as a tough political outsider and a family woman. Palin criticized Obama and reiterated her image as a regular hockey mom, not a career politician. Palin's emphasis on her position as a political outsider helped her gain the trustworthiness of the people and convinced them that she could be a possible agent of political change -- a belief Clinton could not seem to convey to many of her opponents. However, Palin's position as a political outsider backfired on her and revealed her actual lack of qualifications for the office.