User:Mnguyenn96/sandbox

Article evaluation

 * Area article: Gentrification of Greater Bay Area Region

Has not been rated on quality and importance scale

Not much of the policies that led to gentrification was talked about

There was not much conversation being talked about the article; seems like an issue being overlooked

Purpose of picking this article: The PE activity is centralized in the Oakland area and focused in poverty around there; however, with recent development and advancement in technology, the city was transformed within a short amount of time. The landscape changed drastically, but doesn't mean that the quality of living has changed. There has been an increase in inequality between the rich and the poor living in area. This is due to many people being forced to leave their place for the building of landscapers and big companies ( aka gentrification) Hence, I am interested in learning more about this issue, as well as to raise awareness about this issue to others.

Subcategory of gentrification of Greater Bay Area Region has very little information; discussed that advancement in technology has caused the region to change geographically but did not explain how it changed the areas

--> Should add more information to the subcategory on gentrification of Greater Bay Area Region (particularly on the Oakland part)


 * Sector article: Social determinants of health in poverty

Sub-section of policy and the affects that policy and governance play into poverty was barely discussed about (not in-depth)

The article itself was listed as of high importance to many; other students are working on the page as well. According to the Talk page, there is a lot of cleanup needed and users discussed about possibility of merging it to social determinants of health in poverty.

There are some typos and old links being used in the sub-section of policy --> could be interesting to look into and find more information on how policy affects factors of poverty

Article Selection
Area article: Gentrification of Greater Bay Area Region

Evaluation: issue being overlooked even in the Wikipedia page, has little information about the impact and the policies that have affected gentrification to happen. Very little credible information on gentrification of Greater Bay Area ( barely any link and citation), seems biased

--> My plan is to work on the subcategory of gentrification of Greater Bay Area Region, with the focus on Oakland area; the impacts and policies that caused for gentrification to happen, and how it lead to greater poverty rate and inequality in the Bay area (specifically on Oakland)

Title: Food insecurity, chronic illness, and gentrification in San Francisco Bay Area: An example of structural violence in United States history

Relevance: specifically stated of the policies that led to gentrification in the area

What to add to the article: This is the process of neoliberal urbanism that is rooted in colonial doctrines, modernization, and globalization. However, many views it as a form structural violence. Take

Sector article: Social determinants of health in poverty

Evaluation: well-written article by many contributors but lacking in the subcategories, specifically on how policy/ governance impacts/ determines the income level of people. Would be interesting to evaluate the article and specify how programs like Senior Companion Program can help alleviate poverty.

Selecting Sources
Area article: Gentrification in Greater Bay Area ( subcategory article of Gentrification of San Fransisco


 * Sources collected and read

-- [12] An extensive report of impacts that gentrification displacement have on Bay Area citizens. The study utilizes mixed qualitative methods and uses real life case studies to demonstrate how gentrification has infiltrated deep in to various aspects of life in the Bay Area ( and Oakland specifically). The article determines that Bay Area is one of the most expensive housing markets in the country, and that results in various negative consequences to their health. It includes case studies from eight different cities in the Bay Area, hence providing an extensive analysis of the gentrification process in these eight cities. ( going to use this sentence for the wiki article itself) It is relevant to my Practice Experience because it helps me to understand of the recent displacement of citizens, as well as the impacts of gentrification has on their mental health. It concludes that the relationship between gentrification and displacement is sequential, as displacement often precedes gentrification, causing for the drastic change in population demographic of the Bay Area. This article also highlights the growing inequality between the rich and the poor of Oakland, the primary population that Asian Health Services serve. Through this report, I was able to understand more of the demographic transition in Oakland, especially with the neighborhoods surrounding North Oakland Macarthur Bart Station. The study deduces that this drastic population and physical change is associated with both proximity to revitalizing commercial districts, affluent neighborhoods, and transit accessibility. Overall, the report is essential to look into because it provides a comprehensive analysis of impact that gentrification has on various different cities in the Bay Area.

Evaluation by ESRC Centre for Neighbourhood Research to determine relative value of gentrification by reviewing all research in the last 30 years on gentrification and displacement. It discusses about the cost and positive neighborhood impact to offer a different perspective to gentrification. I used this evaluation to find more reference and articles related to gentrification.

Explorative study that explores implications for social workers who work with clients who live in gentrifying areas. It is separated into different sections, with the first section looking specifically at the history of Oakland and progress of gentrification in Oakland throughout the years. The rest of the study attempts to understand the phenomenon throughs the eyes of African-American residents in Oakland. The research utilizes the method of snowball sampling and convenience sampling to recruit study participants. What is interesting about this article in particular is that the participants here defined gentrification as displacement, implying that the process of gentrification happens simultaneously alongside with process of displacement. The reason why this research study is so significant is because there has not been many research on resident perceptions on community change (except for those that portray them as victims) and it argues how social services can support them through processes of gentrification. It is particularly useful since the study breaks down the process of gentrification, and it explores the different ways that citizens is resisting to the constant change caused by gentrification.

One of the participants has a very interesting view about social social services in Oakland, in which she contemplates that the increased of social services in West Oakland is due to amplified presence of of Whites moving into the neighborhood. She also argues that the future of Oakland education system will changes due to the enforcement of these new parents. This speaks volume on how the process of gentrification has changed the entire landscape of Oakland; however,

The book combines with photography of Oakland to provide general history of Oakland. It mentions specifically about the process of gentrification, and recgonizes that the phenomenon has caused various negative impacts to residents who live there.


 * "In Oakland, as in cities across the country, people and businesses moved to the new suburbs, abandoning the city to those who could not afford to leave or whose race prevented them from moving into more desirable neighborhoods even if they had the money."

The article seeks to address some of the challenges posed to gentrification studies through examination of strategies of comparison and how they might be employed within a comparative study of rural gentrification.

The research provides quantitative and qualitative data on the process of gentrification in the Bay Area and the United States overalls. It argues that the term "gentrification" is often politicized and counterproductive. Tying this back to the Katz reading, this means that the study insists that gentrification is now widely recognized as a prominent issue that needs to be addressed and requires state intervention. While the first section breaks down gentrification into its component parts, the second section outlines different analyses, frameworks developed during the gentrification wave of the 70s and 80s and presents complex views that the current and original residents have about the process. The paper offers methods in which city officials, advocates, private sector developers, and residents can all build communities despite of the immense presence of gentrification. It also uses the results to suggest strategies that can be pursued to optimize the benefits of neighborhood transformation while minimizing the drawbacks of such transformation. This study is valuable since it covers extensively on the different causes of gentrification, illustrates with cases from San Francisco and the Bay Area, both positive impact and negative consequences of gentrification, and classifies the political dynamics of gentrification (which is absent in the majority of other studies on gentrification). It helps me understand...

Sector article: Social determinants of health in poverty

Sources collected and read

This publication examines social gradient in health, and explains how psychological and social influences affect physical health and longevity. It then looks at different social determinants of health (specifically about poverty), and how public policy can shape a social environment that is more conductive to better health.

This article reports on a mixed-method assessment of Senior Companion Program. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data reveals benefits of the programs for both volunteers and clients, showing how wellness programs like these can improve quality of life and assess social determinants of health. This is one of the government programs focused on improving mental care for low-income adults. Similar article on SCP:

This volume of research identifies social factors at the root of inequalities in health. It also focuses on exploring what works in setting approaches to address social determinants of health and declares to turn public health knowledge into political action.

This peer-reviewed article evaluated opportunities for actions on social determinants that require historical perspectives.

Drafting
Area Article

''Silicon Valley's technological rise has also led to gentrification of the broader bay area. This includes East Palo Alto, where Hispanic and African-Americans have begun to move out in face of rising costs.'' The flourishing of technology sector at Silicon Valley and rapid recovery from the Great Recession have caused for the job market to skyrocket for popular professions, while others declines. Burlingame, Mountain View, San Jose, and Santa Clara are also affected by Silicon Valley's growth, as the region has no defined bounds and continues to proliferate along the central coast.

This process of neoliberal urbanism that is rooted in modernization, and globalization have reached and reshaped numerous aspects of life in the Bay Area. It is also closely linked to displacement. African Americans comprised almost half of homeowners and renters in North Oakland in 1990s, yet by 2011, this number have dropped by almost 30%. '''Even though African Americans represent the majority of the population in Bay area cities, they are more likely to be displaced and gentrified due to low socioeconomic status and less financial wealth. In fact, there is a strong correlation between gentrification and the susceptibility of people of color being evicted and facing housing suppression. For instance, West Oakland used to be the center for Black cultural life on an international scale in the late 1900s, however, only 28% of the African American community makes up the whole Oakland population in 2010.'''

Waves of Gentrification in Bay Area
'''First Wave (1950s-1990s): occurred during the period of blooming technology, and rapid modernization of the society. This is when San Fransisco emerged as the center of technological development that gave rise to rapid job growth and transformation of the housing market dynamics. Communities of color in the Bay Area began to see the arrival of new millionaires, which gave landowners opportunities to engage in the process of evictions and drastically increase in rent. Numerous reports stated that during this period of time, the number of faultless evictions in Oakland tripled while rent increased more than 100 percent. '''

'''Second wave (2000- 2015): The transition of housing market dynamics in the Bay Area then did not just create housing crisis, but an intensification of gentrification also known as the second wave. This period is characterized by a drastic increased in borrowing predatory loans by residents in order to combat the effects of gentrification. However, many of the loans offered did not include income verifiability so many homes were foreclosed, affecting thousand homeowners and tenants living in the Bay Area. '''

'''Third wave (2015- current): the Bay Area is now currently facing a new wave of gentrification caused by the expansion of technology industry and investment of private business developers. New businesses open everywhere to replace long-term communities, and causes the constant migration of tenants all over the Bay Area. This period is marked by the heightened eviction, displacement rates, and furthermore contribute to the growing inequity and exacerbated poverty rates. '''

Sector Article
[...] '''A successful example of such social service program is the Senior Companion program, an extension of the United States federal program Senior Corps. The program provides assistance for adults who have physical and mental disadvantages. It pairs up senior volunteers with patients who come from low-income background to help them increase their social capability, ability to live independently and more accessibility to healthcare. A mixed-method study explores that the program does target various social determinants of health and have positive effects on enrolled elders' health status (although less positive correlation long-term). It concludes that the program does have enthusiastic impacts on clients and volunteers' overall wellness. The result is homogeneous with conclusions from other studies, with emerging themes include: companionship, reduced depression, access to healthcare, isolation, and increased social network. '''

[...]

'''Mortality inequalities are produced and reproduced by policies that promotes structural violence for those who are already vulnerable to poverty, while reinforcing the paradigm and the ontological order of power hierarchy. Hence, the political engagement of a individual and their communities play an important in determining their access to health care. The Commission on the Social Determinants of Health discusses that explicit commitment to action through multidisciplinary public policies are required for better access to healthcare. One of the recommended action is to expand knowledge and empower the participation of broad segment of society. A manifestation of such action is the mobilization of the population that has been historically oppressed and to raise question about the systemic issue affecting their life. According to a cross-national multi-level analysis, civic participation does not just better physical health, but also mental health status, and overall life quality. History exhibits that when the masses become politically aware of the problems around them, they are more empowered to find their own voice and revolt against systemic inequalities to improve their life quality. On the contrary, nations that do not empower its citizens to be politically educated have way worse health outcomes than nations whose citizens are politically engaged. For instance, there has been a surge in mortality differentials and unwavering decline in health benefits coverage, especially among for the population living under poverty line. As stated in Global Health Promotion, over the last 10 years there has been a steady loss of health coverage for 1 million people every year. Losing health coverage means that an individual could no longer seek affordable treatment or access healthcare, so their health quality would eventually deteriorate. However, if the citizens were to raise their concerns collective to the government, they would have been able to address this systemic factor and subsequently improve their health outcomes.'''