User:Mnoble13/sandbox

All from Steward


 * multiple Paiute districts within region
 * each with own complex organization
 * hunting and seed rights, politics, and villages within
 * population
 * estimated using numerous historical documents - maintained ~1000 Paiute within the Owens Valley region
 * diet
 * relied on seasonal fishing, hunting, native vegetation, seeds, and nuts
 * complex cooking and storage processes
 * fishing
 * individual or communal
 * districts would fish and equally share catch
 * early water and property rights - districts owned certain parts of rivers; didn't allow others to fish unless permitted otherwise
 * methods
 * stranding - remove water from system, collect fish who didn't escape
 * stupefying - natives diffused slim solomon into water bodies, disorienting fish, which enabled easy catching
 * wooden arrows
 * two-pronged obsidian or wooden spears - fishing at night; light attracted fish
 * bone (deer or wildcat) hooks; grasshopper or worm bait
 * baskets, nets
 * irrigation
 * modern agricultural practices weren't used, but irrigation was known to Paiute
 * built ditches and dams
 * increased natural yields of wild seed plots
 * chose plots based on soil drainage ability and what areas are known to produce high yields
 * greatest development in pitana patü district
 * individual elected to be responsible for irrigation - tuvaijü (to irrigate) - was of high honor in the community
 * used natural materials to build dams - sticks, stones, mud, debris; helped by other members; labor intensive
 * after construction, tuvaijü monitored and controlled all irrigation within district
 * irrigation and agriculture - communal
 * other districts performed similar feats at a smaller scale

==== Kaibab Paiute ====


 * semisedentary group within Southern Paiute - northern AZ & southern UT
 * diet
 * relied on abundant natural flora and fauna within territory
 * cacti, berries, trees, fruits, roots
 * rodents, big cats, reptiles, herbivores, and insects
 * water
 * permanent water sources - garden irrigation
 * maize, beans, squash
 * Kanab creek - major perennial stream
 * artesian springs along Vermillion Cliffs
 * lost permanent waters sources in the 1960s due to Mormon development
 * major sources usurped in one year
 * population decline after arrival of Mormons - 82%
 * death by starvation
 * Kaibab Indian Reservation in 1909 - population at 76 Kaibab people

Chemeheuvi

 * spiritually connected with and knowledgeable about CA, Great Basin, and Southwest environments
 * land, plants, animals, and water
 * territory included nine biomes
 * formation of Earth - Ocean Woman
 * elders believe water covered entire planet --> small worm fell from sky and transformed into Hutsipamamauu, meaning Ocean Woman
 * she created land using her dirt and skin from reproductive regions, mud from ocean floor, and oils from her body
 * extended land mass by laying down on land formed and stretching her body
 * responsible for creating all geologic and aquatic features that we know today
 * created all water sources
 * songs
 * important feature of Chemeheuvi society
 * individuals owned songs, which ties land ownership within
 * included water, plants, and animals of land under ownership
 * water
 * set up permanent villages near water sources and springs
 * leaders of villages sang about water sources of region, therefore claiming ownership of the land and all its features
 * others could drink from source, but couldn't permanent utilize it in the same manner as the leader
 * active plant-life around springs
 * yucca, willow, cottonwood, mesquite, etc.
 * desert region
 * used songs as directions to water sources
 * passed on orally generation to generation
 * water innovations in harsh conditions
 * canteens - tar-coated, waterproof baskets or animal stomachs
 * irrigation of Colorado River
 * George Armstrong reported that a half-mile irrigation ditch was built to transport river water to Chemeheuvi land
 * supported native and non-native crops to be grown
 * maize, wheat, watermelon, potatoes, carrots, beets, and others